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Pathophys Exam II > Neuro Mod 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are neurons

A

primary communication/information cell type of the nervous system
-soma, axon, dendrites

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2
Q

what are neuroglial cells

A

nerve glue

glia = greek for glue

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3
Q

types of neuroglial cells

A
  1. astroglia (CNS)
  2. oligodendroglia (CNS)
  3. ependymoglia (CNS
  4. microglia (CNS)
  5. Schwann cell (PNS)
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4
Q

what are astroglia

A
  1. connective tissue of the CNS
  2. literally fill the space bw neurons and BV in the CNS - scar forming cells of CNS
  3. recent evidence suggest function role in addition to structural role
    - component of blood brain barrier
    - role in nutrient/metabolite transport
    - roel ins carring process after CNS trauma, injury
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5
Q

what are oligodendroglia

A

myelinate neurons in CNS

each cell myelinates multiple neurons

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6
Q

what are ependymoglia & function

A

line ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, choroid plexus
function: secretory, absorptive and CSF circulatory role

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7
Q

what are microglia

A

remove degenerative debris of CNS via phagocytosis

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8
Q

what are Schwanna cells

A

myelinate single neuron (axon) in PNS

provide connective tissue support, myelinate and have phagocytosis role

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9
Q

CNS includes

A

brain + spinal cord

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10
Q

what makes up the forebrain

A

aka cerebrum

  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
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11
Q

another name for midbraine

A

mesencephalon

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12
Q

what makes up the hindbrain

A

cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata (myeloencephalon)

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13
Q

two pathways of the spinal cord

A

motor & sensory

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14
Q

3 meninges

A
  1. dura
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia
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15
Q

what is the PNS made up of

A

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

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16
Q

what makes up the ANS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric nervous system of GI

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17
Q

what is gyri

A

the ridges or folds of the cortex, separated by sulci

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18
Q

sulci vs fissures

A

sulci: the groove bw the gyri ridges or folds of the cortex
fissure: large deep sulci

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19
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated nerve fiberst aht communicate bw regions of CNS

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20
Q

what are fasciculus

A

bundles or tracts of fibers

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21
Q

what are commissures

A

transverse connections bw right/left hemispheres

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22
Q

what are projection fibers

A
  1. connect cortex with lower portions of CNS
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23
Q

afferent projection fibers

A

input to cortex

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24
Q

efferent projection fibers

A

output from cortex

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25
Q

what are association fibers

A

connection bw regions of CNS within the cortex

ex. bw sensory and motor regions

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26
Q

what makes up white matter

A
  1. fasciculus
  2. commissures
  3. projection fibers
  4. association fibers
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27
Q

what is gray matter

A

contains cell bodies and neurons

  • columnar arrangement of cortex
  • gyri and sulci increase surface area
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28
Q

Each hemisphere of the brain contains how many lobes

A

6

-frontal, parietal, occiptal, temporal, insular, limbic

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29
Q

what is Brodmann’s classification

A
  • mapping of the cortex - system identifying function regions of the cortex
  • studies done by Brodmann in the early part of the 20th century generated a map of the cortex covering the lobes of each hemisphere
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30
Q

what is the primary area of the cortex

A

raw individual sensory input or motor output

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31
Q

what is the secondary area of the cortex

A

give meaning to primary sensory area

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32
Q

what is the association areas of the cortex

A

integrate sensory, memory input with prefrontal/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experience

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33
Q

area 4 of the frontal lobe

A

primary motor area (pre central gyrus)

-somatotopic organization referred to as homunculus

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34
Q

function of area 4 of frontal lobe

A

contralateral voluntary movement
homunculus arrangement
of frontal lobe

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35
Q

lesions of area 4

A

contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia

paresis = partial motor loss, plegia = complete loss

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36
Q

area 6 of frontal lobe

A

pre motor area (pre central gyrus/sulcus and some of superior frontal gyrus

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37
Q

function of area 6 of frontal lobe

A

prepare and select primary motor area for execution of voluntary movement
prep motor area - plan sequence

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38
Q

lesions to area 6 of frontal lobe

A

inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement

contralateral apraxia of involved regions

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39
Q

what is apraxia

A
  • inability to execute learned purposeful voluntary movement
  • result of lesions to motor association areas of frontal lobe or sensory input from parietal association areas
  • numerous types of apraxia depending on the cause or movement affected
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40
Q

what is ataxia

A

uncoordinated of learned voluntary movemnt

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41
Q

what is gait apraxia

A

diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing

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42
Q

what is construction apraxia

A

inability to draw, construct or copy geometric figures

lesion in non dominant parietal and frontal lobes

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43
Q

what is sensory apraxia

A

ideational apraxia, conceptual apraxia

-inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement

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44
Q

what is ideomotor apraxia

A

inability to perform a task when asked i.e. comb hair, use a tool

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45
Q

what is area 8 of the frontal lobe

A

frontal eye field (middle frontal gyrus)

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46
Q

function of area 8 of frontal lobe

A

conjugate gaze (lateral ) to opposite direction (side)

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47
Q

lesions to area 8

A
  1. destructive lesion to area 8
    eyes deviate TOWARD side of lesion
  2. irritative lesion (seizure) to area 8
    eyes will deviate AWAY from the lesions (hyperactive of normal)
48
Q

areas 44,45 of frontal lobe

A
  1. dominant hemisphere - Broca’s speech area - dominant hemisphere only (inferior frontal gyrus)
49
Q

function of areas 44,45 dominant

A

motor production of language (speech, writing, signing)

serves as preprogrammer to motor cortex

50
Q

damage to Broca’s area

A 
Broca aphasia (expressive aphasia, motor aphasia or non fluent aphasia)
-can comprehend language but can't speak
51
Q

what is aphasia

A

acquired impairment of the comprehension/production of language

  • can be sensory, motor or both
  • impairment of any language modality (sensory, motor or both)
52
Q

what is dysarthria

A

difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech

53
Q

what is dysphagia

A

difficulty with motor function of swallwoing

54
Q

what is non dominant hemisphere function (areas 44,45)

A

production of the normal pitch, rhythm an variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)

55
Q

non dominant hemisphere damage results in

A
  1. motor dysprosodia - difficulty of speech in producing the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)
  2. prosody: fluctuations in tone, melody, timing pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech
56
Q

area 9-12, 46,47 of frontal lobe general function

A

higher order intellectual action

57
Q

areas 10-12

A

classic prefrontal area

  1. socail behavior - appropriate vs inappropriate
  2. motivation and ability to focus - attention
  3. emotion/personality
  4. motor inhibition/planning
58
Q

areas 9,46,47 of frontal lobe

A

classic motor association area

  1. planning and behavioral component of motor function
  2. integrates sensory information with motor planning, organizing and deregulating
  3. decide which voluntary movements to make according to higher-order instructions, rules and self generated thoughts
59
Q

lesions to area 10-12

A
  1. apathy, inappropriate social behavior/emotions
  2. perseveration (persist on single topic)
  3. poor focus on a task (need simple, consistent directions)
  4. change of personality
60
Q

lesions to areas 9,46,47

A
  1. contralateral motor apraxia (decrease purposeful movement)
  2. impaired motor planning
  3. impaired behavioral inhibition
  4. impaired motor inhibition
61
Q

what is akinetic mutism

A

bilateral frontal lobe lesion

  • conscious alert patient who retains ability to move/speak but fails to do so
  • damaged pathways inhibit motivation/increase apathy cause passiveness to interact or respond
62
Q

what is akinesia

A

lack of movement

63
Q

wha is mutism

A

lack of speech

64
Q

what is perseveration

A

persist on single topic

65
Q

what is apathy

A

lack of interest, indifference

66
Q

area 1,2,3 of parietal obe

A

somatosensory area

67
Q

funciton of areas 3,,1,2, of parietal obe

A

detection of involving somatosensory sensation from body/periphery
-homunculus arrangement

68
Q

lesion to area 3,2,1,

A

contralateral somatosensory loss

contralateral anesthesia - loss of sensation

69
Q

what is anesthesia (hypesthesia)

A

loss of sensation

70
Q

area 5,7 of parietal lobe and function

A

somatosensory association area
fucntion: interprets or gives meaning to somatic sensory input
ability to recognize car keyes in my left hand

71
Q

lesion to area 5,7 of parietal lobe

A

somatosensory agnosia, astereognosia, agraphesthesia,

  • NON DOMINANT hemisphere lesion - anosgnosia (neglect)
  • may contribute to sensory component of apraxia
72
Q

what is agnosia

A

greek = non-knowledge or lack of knowledge

  • loss of sensory interpretation
  • loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells with sensation and memory still intact
  • agnosia can result in damage to association area of a specific sensory input (visual, auditory, somatosensory)
73
Q

what is anosagnosia

A
  • ignorance of the presence of dz
  • non dominant parietal lobe damage (associative areas)
  • classic clinical finding in right hemisphere stroke
  • inability to gain feedback about one’s own condition
74
Q

what is astereoagnosia

A

(steroanesthesia)

  • tactile amnesia (tactile agnoia)
  • inability to judge the form of an object by touch
75
Q

what is agraphesthesia

A

cutaneous kinesthesia

-difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/l - dominant hemisphereetter) traced on the area of skin (back or palm)

76
Q

area 39,40 of parietal lobe

A

sometimes referenced as part of posteiror Wernicke’s area

77
Q

function of dominant hemisphere 39,40

A

multimodal junction box of language, mathematics and cognition

  • visual, auditory, somatic sensory get processed
  • play role in interpretation of language mathetmatics and cognition
  • essentially processes and sends to frontal lobe for action
78
Q

lesion to the dominant hemisphere 39,40

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome

  • calculations, right left confusion (dyslexia), finger agnosia, agraphia
  • dominant hemishpere ddamamge may result in Wernicke’s (sensory) aphasia
79
Q

non dominant hemisphere 39,40 in parietal lobe function

A

interpretation of normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)

80
Q

lesion non dominant hemisphere 39,40 pareiteal

A

sensory dysprosodia
-difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech musical aspects of speech

81
Q

what is dyslexia

A

impairment or difficulty with fluency or comprehension accuracy in the ability to read (also may impair writing, phonics)

82
Q

what is agraphia

A

inability to write

83
Q

what is acalculia

A

arithmetic deficits

84
Q

what is finger agnosia

A

inability to distinguish bw fingers

85
Q

area 41 of temporal lobe

A

primary auditory area

detect sound

86
Q

lesions to area 41 of temp lobe

A

deafness if b/l damage

87
Q

area 42 of temporal lobe

A

auditory association area

-interpret sound, gives it meaning

88
Q

lesion to area 42 of temp lobe

A

auditory agnosia
inability to interpret the significance of sound
able to hear but can’t distinguish from sound or language
bilateral temp lobe lesions

89
Q

area 22 of temporal lobe

A

association area for language

90
Q

dominant hemisphere of area 22

A

Wernicke’s area

91
Q

fucntion of area 22 dominant

A

comprehension of the language (auditory - spoken word)

92
Q

lesion to area 22 of dominant hemisphere

A

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive, fluent, sensory aphasia)
-can’t comprehend but can speak
sentences spontaneous with constant errors
-word salad - speaking a lot of words that don’t make sense

93
Q

non dominant hemisphere area 22

A

function - interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)

94
Q

lesions of area 22 in non dominant hemisphere

A

sensory dysprosodia
difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech muscial aspects of speech

95
Q

temporal lobe and limbic lobes involved in what

A

complex aspects of learning and memory
limbic lobe is deep to temporal lobe
includes visual memory - learn to recognize visual information

96
Q

inferior medial temporal lobes function

A

significant role in creating long term memory/learning

-transition short term to long term memory

97
Q

what is amnesia

A

loss of memory

98
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

loss of ability to memorize new things after injury

99
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

cant recall events prior to injury

100
Q

what is dissociate amnesia

A

fugue state - psychological trauma, usually temporary

101
Q

what is repressed amnesia

A

unable to recall information - often traumatic

102
Q

what is explicit memroy

A

declarative memory
-conscious and purposeful recall of previous expereinces and information (dates, facts, times, places)
-

103
Q

what is episodic memory

A
  • specific recall of the events in a person’s life

- evidence to suggest associated with non dominant hemisphere

104
Q

what is semantic memroy

A

recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people:
-recognize people
academic information
-evidence to suggest associated with dominant hemisphere

105
Q

what is implicit memory

A

memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task without conscious awareness
-truths from non facts…hear a familiar myth 45x’s then it must be true

106
Q

area 17 of occipital lobe

A

primary visual area

107
Q

function of area 17 of occipital lov

A

detect visual input

108
Q

lesions to area 17 of occipital lobe

A

blindness

109
Q

area 18,19 of occipital loe

A

visual association area

110
Q

function of area 18,19 of occipital

A

visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, color agnosia (not color blindness), alexia

111
Q

what is visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize an object by sight

112
Q

what is prosopagnosia

A

difficulty recognizing familiar faces

113
Q

what is color agnosia

A

inabliity to recognize colors

114
Q

what is alexia

A

inability to understand written/printed word (language)

115
Q

dominant hemisphere functions

A

contralateral motor and somatosensory
interpret and produce language - speech, grammar, syntax, semantics, writing
analysis logical reasoning, calculation of information (exact calculations…right side will estimate)

116
Q

non dominante hemispehre functions

A

lesions of dominant hemisphere 1. expected loss of motore/somatosensory function

  1. aphasia - difficulty interpreting or producing languae (dysphagia) - receptive, motor, or both
  2. unable to calculate, reason, rpoblem solve/analzyecontaltearl motore and somatosensory function
  3. spatial attention (thus neglect when damage)
  4. music, drawing, creatigivty
  5. memory of visual auditory and physical events
117
Q

lesion of non dominante hemispehre

A
  1. expected loss of motor/ somatosensory function
  2. language deficits - able to interpret/produce language but unable to interpret or produce intonation, rhythm, timing
  3. disorganization/disorientation to immediate moment or environment - unable to recall date, time place, difficulty following directions, construction apraxia (inability to draw object), propagnosia (loss of visual or sensory association areas)
  4. neglect (anosagnoisa) - often called left sided neglect, technically anosagnosia = pt unaware of condition

Pathophys Exam II (5 decks)

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