Neuro Mod 1 Flashcards
what are neurons
primary communication/information cell type of the nervous system
-soma, axon, dendrites
what are neuroglial cells
nerve glue
glia = greek for glue
types of neuroglial cells
- astroglia (CNS)
- oligodendroglia (CNS)
- ependymoglia (CNS
- microglia (CNS)
- Schwann cell (PNS)
what are astroglia
- connective tissue of the CNS
- literally fill the space bw neurons and BV in the CNS - scar forming cells of CNS
- recent evidence suggest function role in addition to structural role
- component of blood brain barrier
- role in nutrient/metabolite transport
- roel ins carring process after CNS trauma, injury
what are oligodendroglia
myelinate neurons in CNS
each cell myelinates multiple neurons
what are ependymoglia & function
line ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, choroid plexus
function: secretory, absorptive and CSF circulatory role
what are microglia
remove degenerative debris of CNS via phagocytosis
what are Schwanna cells
myelinate single neuron (axon) in PNS
provide connective tissue support, myelinate and have phagocytosis role
CNS includes
brain + spinal cord
what makes up the forebrain
aka cerebrum
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
another name for midbraine
mesencephalon
what makes up the hindbrain
cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata (myeloencephalon)
two pathways of the spinal cord
motor & sensory
3 meninges
- dura
- arachnoid
- pia
what is the PNS made up of
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
what makes up the ANS
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric nervous system of GI
what is gyri
the ridges or folds of the cortex, separated by sulci
sulci vs fissures
sulci: the groove bw the gyri ridges or folds of the cortex
fissure: large deep sulci
what is white matter
myelinated nerve fiberst aht communicate bw regions of CNS
what are fasciculus
bundles or tracts of fibers
what are commissures
transverse connections bw right/left hemispheres
what are projection fibers
- connect cortex with lower portions of CNS
afferent projection fibers
input to cortex
efferent projection fibers
output from cortex
what are association fibers
connection bw regions of CNS within the cortex
ex. bw sensory and motor regions
what makes up white matter
- fasciculus
- commissures
- projection fibers
- association fibers
what is gray matter
contains cell bodies and neurons
- columnar arrangement of cortex
- gyri and sulci increase surface area
Each hemisphere of the brain contains how many lobes
6
-frontal, parietal, occiptal, temporal, insular, limbic
what is Brodmann’s classification
- mapping of the cortex - system identifying function regions of the cortex
- studies done by Brodmann in the early part of the 20th century generated a map of the cortex covering the lobes of each hemisphere
what is the primary area of the cortex
raw individual sensory input or motor output
what is the secondary area of the cortex
give meaning to primary sensory area
what is the association areas of the cortex
integrate sensory, memory input with prefrontal/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experience
area 4 of the frontal lobe
primary motor area (pre central gyrus)
-somatotopic organization referred to as homunculus
function of area 4 of frontal lobe
contralateral voluntary movement
homunculus arrangement
of frontal lobe
lesions of area 4
contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia
paresis = partial motor loss, plegia = complete loss
area 6 of frontal lobe
pre motor area (pre central gyrus/sulcus and some of superior frontal gyrus
function of area 6 of frontal lobe
prepare and select primary motor area for execution of voluntary movement
prep motor area - plan sequence
lesions to area 6 of frontal lobe
inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement
contralateral apraxia of involved regions
what is apraxia
- inability to execute learned purposeful voluntary movement
- result of lesions to motor association areas of frontal lobe or sensory input from parietal association areas
- numerous types of apraxia depending on the cause or movement affected
what is ataxia
uncoordinated of learned voluntary movemnt
what is gait apraxia
diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing
what is construction apraxia
inability to draw, construct or copy geometric figures
lesion in non dominant parietal and frontal lobes
what is sensory apraxia
ideational apraxia, conceptual apraxia
-inability to formulate the ideational plan for executing the multiple steps of purposeful voluntary movement
what is ideomotor apraxia
inability to perform a task when asked i.e. comb hair, use a tool
what is area 8 of the frontal lobe
frontal eye field (middle frontal gyrus)
function of area 8 of frontal lobe
conjugate gaze (lateral ) to opposite direction (side)
lesions to area 8
- destructive lesion to area 8
eyes deviate TOWARD side of lesion - irritative lesion (seizure) to area 8
eyes will deviate AWAY from the lesions (hyperactive of normal)
areas 44,45 of frontal lobe
- dominant hemisphere - Broca’s speech area - dominant hemisphere only (inferior frontal gyrus)
function of areas 44,45 dominant
motor production of language (speech, writing, signing)
serves as preprogrammer to motor cortex
damage to Broca’s area
Broca aphasia (expressive aphasia, motor aphasia or non fluent aphasia) -can comprehend language but can't speak
what is aphasia
acquired impairment of the comprehension/production of language
- can be sensory, motor or both
- impairment of any language modality (sensory, motor or both)
what is dysarthria
difficulty of motor control of tongue/mouth to produce speech
what is dysphagia
difficulty with motor function of swallwoing
what is non dominant hemisphere function (areas 44,45)
production of the normal pitch, rhythm an variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)
non dominant hemisphere damage results in
- motor dysprosodia - difficulty of speech in producing the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)
- prosody: fluctuations in tone, melody, timing pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality and accents of speech
area 9-12, 46,47 of frontal lobe general function
higher order intellectual action
areas 10-12
classic prefrontal area
- socail behavior - appropriate vs inappropriate
- motivation and ability to focus - attention
- emotion/personality
- motor inhibition/planning
areas 9,46,47 of frontal lobe
classic motor association area
- planning and behavioral component of motor function
- integrates sensory information with motor planning, organizing and deregulating
- decide which voluntary movements to make according to higher-order instructions, rules and self generated thoughts
lesions to area 10-12
- apathy, inappropriate social behavior/emotions
- perseveration (persist on single topic)
- poor focus on a task (need simple, consistent directions)
- change of personality
lesions to areas 9,46,47
- contralateral motor apraxia (decrease purposeful movement)
- impaired motor planning
- impaired behavioral inhibition
- impaired motor inhibition
what is akinetic mutism
bilateral frontal lobe lesion
- conscious alert patient who retains ability to move/speak but fails to do so
- damaged pathways inhibit motivation/increase apathy cause passiveness to interact or respond
what is akinesia
lack of movement
wha is mutism
lack of speech
what is perseveration
persist on single topic
what is apathy
lack of interest, indifference
area 1,2,3 of parietal obe
somatosensory area
funciton of areas 3,,1,2, of parietal obe
detection of involving somatosensory sensation from body/periphery
-homunculus arrangement
lesion to area 3,2,1,
contralateral somatosensory loss
contralateral anesthesia - loss of sensation
what is anesthesia (hypesthesia)
loss of sensation
area 5,7 of parietal lobe and function
somatosensory association area
fucntion: interprets or gives meaning to somatic sensory input
ability to recognize car keyes in my left hand
lesion to area 5,7 of parietal lobe
somatosensory agnosia, astereognosia, agraphesthesia,
- NON DOMINANT hemisphere lesion - anosgnosia (neglect)
- may contribute to sensory component of apraxia
what is agnosia
greek = non-knowledge or lack of knowledge
- loss of sensory interpretation
- loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells with sensation and memory still intact
- agnosia can result in damage to association area of a specific sensory input (visual, auditory, somatosensory)
what is anosagnosia
- ignorance of the presence of dz
- non dominant parietal lobe damage (associative areas)
- classic clinical finding in right hemisphere stroke
- inability to gain feedback about one’s own condition
what is astereoagnosia
(steroanesthesia)
- tactile amnesia (tactile agnoia)
- inability to judge the form of an object by touch
what is agraphesthesia
cutaneous kinesthesia
-difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/l - dominant hemisphereetter) traced on the area of skin (back or palm)
area 39,40 of parietal lobe
sometimes referenced as part of posteiror Wernicke’s area
function of dominant hemisphere 39,40
multimodal junction box of language, mathematics and cognition
- visual, auditory, somatic sensory get processed
- play role in interpretation of language mathetmatics and cognition
- essentially processes and sends to frontal lobe for action
lesion to the dominant hemisphere 39,40
Gerstmann’s syndrome
- calculations, right left confusion (dyslexia), finger agnosia, agraphia
- dominant hemishpere ddamamge may result in Wernicke’s (sensory) aphasia
non dominant hemisphere 39,40 in parietal lobe function
interpretation of normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)
lesion non dominant hemisphere 39,40 pareiteal
sensory dysprosodia
-difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech musical aspects of speech
what is dyslexia
impairment or difficulty with fluency or comprehension accuracy in the ability to read (also may impair writing, phonics)
what is agraphia
inability to write
what is acalculia
arithmetic deficits
what is finger agnosia
inability to distinguish bw fingers
area 41 of temporal lobe
primary auditory area
detect sound
lesions to area 41 of temp lobe
deafness if b/l damage
area 42 of temporal lobe
auditory association area
-interpret sound, gives it meaning
lesion to area 42 of temp lobe
auditory agnosia
inability to interpret the significance of sound
able to hear but can’t distinguish from sound or language
bilateral temp lobe lesions
area 22 of temporal lobe
association area for language
dominant hemisphere of area 22
Wernicke’s area
fucntion of area 22 dominant
comprehension of the language (auditory - spoken word)
lesion to area 22 of dominant hemisphere
Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive, fluent, sensory aphasia)
-can’t comprehend but can speak
sentences spontaneous with constant errors
-word salad - speaking a lot of words that don’t make sense
non dominant hemisphere area 22
function - interpretation of the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech (musical aspects of speech)
lesions of area 22 in non dominant hemisphere
sensory dysprosodia
difficulty of speech in interpreting the normal pitch, rhythm and variation of stress/tone in speech muscial aspects of speech
temporal lobe and limbic lobes involved in what
complex aspects of learning and memory
limbic lobe is deep to temporal lobe
includes visual memory - learn to recognize visual information
inferior medial temporal lobes function
significant role in creating long term memory/learning
-transition short term to long term memory
what is amnesia
loss of memory
what is anterograde amnesia
loss of ability to memorize new things after injury
what is retrograde amnesia
cant recall events prior to injury
what is dissociate amnesia
fugue state - psychological trauma, usually temporary
what is repressed amnesia
unable to recall information - often traumatic
what is explicit memroy
declarative memory
-conscious and purposeful recall of previous expereinces and information (dates, facts, times, places)
-
what is episodic memory
- specific recall of the events in a person’s life
- evidence to suggest associated with non dominant hemisphere
what is semantic memroy
recall of factual knowledge of historical events/people:
-recognize people
academic information
-evidence to suggest associated with dominant hemisphere
what is implicit memory
memory/recall of previous experiences will unconsciously influence current task without conscious awareness
-truths from non facts…hear a familiar myth 45x’s then it must be true
area 17 of occipital lobe
primary visual area
function of area 17 of occipital lov
detect visual input
lesions to area 17 of occipital lobe
blindness
area 18,19 of occipital loe
visual association area
function of area 18,19 of occipital
visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, color agnosia (not color blindness), alexia
what is visual agnosia
inability to recognize an object by sight
what is prosopagnosia
difficulty recognizing familiar faces
what is color agnosia
inabliity to recognize colors
what is alexia
inability to understand written/printed word (language)
dominant hemisphere functions
contralateral motor and somatosensory
interpret and produce language - speech, grammar, syntax, semantics, writing
analysis logical reasoning, calculation of information (exact calculations…right side will estimate)
non dominante hemispehre functions
lesions of dominant hemisphere 1. expected loss of motore/somatosensory function
- aphasia - difficulty interpreting or producing languae (dysphagia) - receptive, motor, or both
- unable to calculate, reason, rpoblem solve/analzyecontaltearl motore and somatosensory function
- spatial attention (thus neglect when damage)
- music, drawing, creatigivty
- memory of visual auditory and physical events
lesion of non dominante hemispehre
- expected loss of motor/ somatosensory function
- language deficits - able to interpret/produce language but unable to interpret or produce intonation, rhythm, timing
- disorganization/disorientation to immediate moment or environment - unable to recall date, time place, difficulty following directions, construction apraxia (inability to draw object), propagnosia (loss of visual or sensory association areas)
- neglect (anosagnoisa) - often called left sided neglect, technically anosagnosia = pt unaware of condition
