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ESA 5 > Neuro extra stuff > Flashcards

Neuro extra stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the layers of the cerebellum

A 
VI layers then White matter.
VI to thalamus
V to subcortical
I-IV to cortex
Thalamus to IV
BS to all
Cortex to I-IV
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2
Q

Parietal dominant function?

A

Speech (Brocas) and language
Logic - calculation
Problem solving
Motor skills

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3
Q

Lesion in anterior frontal results in?

A 
Loss of personality
Apathy
Asociality
Loss of social rules/ inhibition
Euphoria without feeling so
amoral
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4
Q

Temporal lesion

A

Memory e.g. people/ agnosias/ recognition

Speech

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5
Q

Parietal non dominant function

A 
Emotion of language
Music/art
Visiospatial
Body awareness
Whole pucture
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6
Q

How are the left and right sides of the brain connected?

A

Corpus callosum and anterior and posterior commissures

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7
Q

Where does the interpretation of written and spoken word occur?

A

Wernicke’s area temporal lobe

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8
Q

Function of the angular gyrus?

A

Written word interpretation from occipital to Wernicke’s via angular gyrus

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9
Q

How does information pass from Wernicke’s area to Brocs’s?

A

Via the arcuate fasciculus

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10
Q

What are the types of memories and where are they stored? What feature of neurones allows this to happen?

A

Declarative- cortex, hippocampus and other cortical regions
Procedural - Cerebellum, basal ganglia, pre-motor cortex
neuronal plasticity

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11
Q

Storage of memory?

A

Intermediate = seconds allowing sense of present
Short = seconds to minutes = working memory
Transfers to long spontaneously or based on emotion, rehersal association.
Consolidation occurs via long term potentiation

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12
Q

How does memory formation occur? how do we forget?

A

Sensory info to sensory cortex. Then forms a loops with amygdala/ hippo/ thalamus/ basal forebrain/ pre frontal cortex and back.
Long term potentiation with NDMA glutamate receptors]

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13
Q

Result of the destruction of the hippocampus?

A

Antereograde amnesia

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14
Q

What is amnesia? Causes

A

Vascular interrution
Trauma
Infections, Vit B def
Retrograde in alzheimers

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15
Q

What is dementia

A

An aquires loss of global brain function that is significant enough to effect dailey function and quality of life
Loss includes intellect reason and personalit without loss in consciousness (with delerium there is)

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16
Q

Symptoms of dementia

A 
Loss of progressive:
Memory
intellect
personality
behaviour
speech
movement (bradykinesia)
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17
Q

Causes of dementia briefly

A 
Vascular (20%)
ALzheimers
Lewi bodies
Fronto-temporal dementia
Drugs
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18
Q

Protein and the deal with Alx

A

B amyoid deposition
Neurofibillary tangles
Prognosis 5 years
AGe and female = RF

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19
Q

Protein and the deal with lewi bodies

A 
alpha synuclein
prognosis 8 years
REM bleep behaviour disorder fighting in sleep
Delusions 
paranoia
Later it resembled alzheimers dementia
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20
Q

Protein and the deal with fronto-temporal dementia

A 
T Tau
Prog = 8 years
Behaviour and personality loss
Semantic dementia (loss of meaning from language/ words)
Progressive non-fluent aphasia
Disinhibitions
lOss motivation
Lack of empathy
Repetitive
Convulsive behaviours
Craving of sweet, fatty, alcohol, ciggs
Loss of table etiquette
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21
Q

Describe early dementia

A

Loss of memory for recent events
Global distruption of personality
Gradual change in behaviour

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22
Q

describe intermediate dementia

A

Loss of intellect
Mood changes
Cognitive failure to learn

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23
Q

Describe late dementia

A

Reduction in self care
REstless wandering
Incontinence

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24
Q

Differentials for dementia

A

Delerium

Depression

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25
Q

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus and when does it occur

A

Symptoms = Dementia, incontinence and gait disturbance
Ventriculomegally (caused byu build up of CSF?)
Rare

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26
Q

Which layers does meningitis affect?

A

Leptomeninges = Pia and arachnoid

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27
Q

Causative organisms of meningitis

A 
Neonates = Listeria Monocytogenes, E coli.
1-5 = H influenzae B (less now due to vaccine)
5-30 = N meningitidis
>30 = S pneumoniae
28
Q

What is encephalitis

A

Viral infection of brain parachyma.

29
Q

Where does herpres virus often infect? result?

A

Temporal lobes

Epilepsy

30
Q

Where does polio and rabies often occur?

A 
Rabies = BS
Polio = Spinal cord
31
Q

What is perivascular cuffing

A

Aggregation of lymphocytes perivascularly in encephalitis

32
Q

What is tomoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii causes
Primary = flue, muscle aches, lymph nodes.
Later eye problems, seizures, coordination

33
Q

How do Prions form and cause damage

A

Mutated proteins
Ingested proteins that then affect own proteins (post translational conformational change)
May be famililal or sporadic mutations.

Form very stable structures and aggregate and cause neuronal death- spongiform encephalopathies

34
Q

Pressure in brain and coughing? How long can compensation occur?

A

0-10mmhg
coughing + 20
up to 60

35
Q

Describe subfalcine herniation

A

Cingulate gyrus through falx cerebri. Ischemia of frontal and pariatal and corpus callosum

36
Q

Describe tentorial herniatation

A

Uncus and parahippocampus through tentorial notch.
Damage to CN3 and occlusion of PCA and superior cerebellar arteries.
Can cause Duret haemorrhage in midbrain/pons

37
Q

Describe tonsilar herniation

A

Cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum compessing the brainstem - CVS apnoea

38
Q

What are prodramal symptoms of raised ICP?

A

Intitial
Headache
VOmiting
Papilloedema

39
Q

Acute phase of raised ICP

A

Pupil dilation
Coma (BS)

Possiibly hemiparesis from cerebellum

LAter = BS

40
Q

Give examples of brain tumours

A

Meningioma bengin
Malignant = astrocytoma
Lymphoma
Most are mets (lung)

41
Q

Difference between focal damage and diffuse damage in trauma

A 
Focal = bruising and laceration- tearing of BV and contsions
Diffuse = tearing of axons as they go between tissues of varying densiities e.g. white nad gray, pit stalk (DAI) leads to gliotic scarring and persistent vegitative state
42
Q

Types of infarct in brain?

A

Regional e.g. named vesssel

Lacuna - less than 1cm affected with hypertension often in basal ganglia./

43
Q

Difference between falx cerbri and falx cerebelli?

A

Falx cerebelli posterior

Falx cerebri superior

44
Q

What makes MRI better than CT?

A

Less radiation
Multiple planes
Free from artifacts
Higher defintion

45
Q

Describe PET scans and their use

A 
Maps Biochemistry
Positron emission tomography
Uses positron emitting pharamceuticles e.g. L dopa
Hypometabolic areas e.g. siezures
Dementia
46
Q

Decribe EEG uses

A

Electroencephalogram
Diagnose brain death
Epilepsy to select appropriate anticonvulsants

47
Q

Describe electrophysiological-evoked potentials and types

A

Stimulation of nerve pathways and monitored and compared to background EEG
VER (visual evoked response) - optic neuropathy
Auditory
Somatosensory (SER) - peripheral nerve stim (can be used in neurosurgery)

48
Q

What is electromyography and its uses

A

Needle into muscle to record electrical activity e.g. fibrillation potentials = hyperexcitability following dennervation or fasciculation potentials

49
Q

T1 and T2 MRIs and water/ fat

A

WW2
Water white T2
T1 = fat white

50
Q

How is taste different from flavour?

A

Flavour includes smell

Taste for pattern of stimulation of different neurones

51
Q

How does tastes vary on tongue

A

All areas detect all types of taste: Sweet sour, bitter, salty and umami
Deficient sweet and salt at tip
Deficient sour and bitter at back

52
Q

Emotiona components and outputs

A

Fornix, mammary body, anterior nuclei of thalamus, hippocampus.
Outputs:
Autonomic
RF
Cortex
Fronto-sensory cortex (emotional behaviour)

53
Q

What is dioptic strength and what does it depend on?

A

1/focal length(m)
Measures strength of lens
Length changed by intraocular pressure (300-325mmHg)

54
Q

Production and drainae of intraocular fluid? What happens if it goes wrong?

A

Produced by ciliary body and absorbed by Schlemm (venous sinuses)

55
Q

Corrections for short and long sighted

A 
Short = myopia = concave
Long = hyperopia - convex
56
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

long sighted with age

Progressive

57
Q

Does accommodation in eye?

A

Ciliary muscle contracts to Increase convexity and allow nearer objects to be seen

58
Q

What is the near point?

A

Closest point at which an object can be seen

59
Q

What is visual acuity and what determines?

A

2 point discrim

Density and receptive fields

60
Q

What is a pathological blind spot called?

A

Scotomata

61
Q

How is colour vision tested?

A

Ishihara chart

62
Q

Definition of trichonmats and dichromats

A

3 vs 2 cones

63
Q

Colour deficit tyoes in trichromatis

A

Protanomaly red
Deutanolaly green
Tritanomaly blue

64
Q

Loss of cones in dichromats

A

Protanopia red
Deutanopia green
tritanopia blue

65
Q

Why do after images occur

A

Sensitises to opposite colour

See complementary colour

66
Q

Descrube le fort fractures

A

1 = maxillary horizontal above teeth
2 = horizontal at nose and verical in miaxillar at orbit = separation of maxilla
3 Horizontal nose sphenoid and frontozygomatic arches/ suture

ESA 5 (4 decks)

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