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NSC 201 > Neuro Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Neuro Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of western medicine

Believed brain involved in sensation and seat to intelligence

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2
Q

Galen

A

showed cerebrum receives sensation and cerebellum commands muscle
discovered ventricles

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3
Q

Descartes

A

brain vs mind argument

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4
Q

Galvani and Bois-Reymond

A

electrically stimulated the brain
showed brain generates electricity
no more fluid theory

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5
Q

Bell and Magendie

A

proposed origin of motor fibers is cerebellum and destination of sensory fibers is cerebrum

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6
Q

Flourens

A

used ablations to show cerebellum plays role in coordination

localization theory

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7
Q

Gall

A

phrenology

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8
Q

Broca

A

showed phrenology was wrong

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9
Q

Schwann

A

cell theory

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10
Q

cell theory

A

all tissues are composed of unites called cells

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11
Q

Nissl

A

shows grey matter
stains nuclei of cells
distinguishes between neurons and glia

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12
Q

Golgi

A

small percent of neurons become dark in entirety

shows grey and white matter

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13
Q

Ramon y Cajal

A

used golgi stain to draw

neurons are not continuous and communicate by contact

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14
Q

Grey mater

A

unmeylinated neurons on outside of cerebrum

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15
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons on inside of cerebrum

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16
Q

Neuron

A

functional unit of the nervous system

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

watery potassium rich fluid inside the cell

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything inside membrane except nucleus

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19
Q

Signal Recognition Protein

A

recognizes particles being made on free ribosome and can send it to Rough ER

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20
Q

Free Ribosome protein synthesis fate

A

internal structures

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21
Q

Rough ER protein synthesis fate

A

inserted into plasma membrane OR enclosed in vesicles

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

site of post translational and chemical processing of proteins
Directs trans-membrane and secretory proteins to their destination

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23
Q

DNA microarrays

A

shows which genes expressed uniquely in neurons

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24
Q

editing genes

A

delete (knockout), insert (knock in), mutate

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25
Q

Dendrites

A

shorter and branched profusely

not myelinated

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26
Q

Axons

A 
maintain constant radius
long
branching at 90 degrees
no ribosomes 
mitochondria present
the thicker the axon the faster transfer of info
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27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

gives neurons its shape
dynamically regulated
provides mechanical support
allows cells to migrate (tau)

Bones= Microtubules, Microfilaments, Neurofilaments

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28
Q

Microtubules

A

longest, run longitudinally down neurites

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29
Q

Microfilaments and Neurofilaments

A

give microtubules support

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30
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Microtubules dont extend into terminal
Contains synaptic vesicles
Many mitochondria

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31
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

Material enclosed in vesicles and walked along microtubules
Anterograde
Retrograde

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32
Q

Anterograde

A

Kinesin (to terminal)

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33
Q

Retrograde

A

Dynein (to soma)

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34
Q

Tract Tracing

A

trace path of axons to show circuits

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35
Q

Classification of Neurons

A
  1. Number of Neurons (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar)
  2. Dendritic tree shape (parametal or stellate) and presence of spines
  3. Connections (sensory, motor, interneurons)
  4. Axon Length
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36
Q

Golgi Type 1

A

projection neurons

parametal

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37
Q

Golgi Type 2

A

local circuit

stellate

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38
Q

Glia Cells

A

5:1 glia to neurons

provide structural and metabolic support to neurons

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39
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

create myelin sheaths around axons in CNS

stop growth of neurons

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40
Q

Schwann Cells

A

create sheaths in PNS

guide axonal regeneration

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41
Q

Microglia

A

inolved in response to injury/disease in CNS

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42
Q

Astrocytes

A

Largest glia, star shaped
Control and communicate with many neurons
Form barrier to unwanted substances entering the brain
Control blood flow to neurons
Remove waste
Send nutrients to neurons

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43
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Inside of bone, brain and spinal cord

Interprets sensory input, initiates movement, mediates complex cognitive processes

44
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

bring sensory info to CNS

45
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

carry motor signals out of CNS

46
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures on same side

47
Q

Contralateral

A

structures on different sides

48
Q

Cerebrum

A

Fissures = large grooves (longitudinal, central, lateral) divide brain into four lobes
Sulci = small grooves
Gyri = bumps (precentral, postcentral, superior temporal)
Hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

49
Q

Cerebellum

A

Primary motor control center, “do it well”

Superior Peduncle, Middle Peduncle, Inferior Peduncle

50
Q

Brain Stem (4 parts)

A
  1. Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
  2. Midbrain/Mesencephalon (tectum and tegmentum)
  3. Pons (metencephalon)
  4. Medulla (Myelencephalon)
51
Q

Structure Scans

A

CT and MRI

52
Q

Function Scans

A

PET and fMRI

53
Q

Spinal Cord

A

4 regions: Cervical (8) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (6)
Spinal cord is shorter than column so nerves exit at cauda equina
Dorsal root brings sensory info
Ventral root carrys motor info
Grey matter on inside, white matter on outside
White matter has ascending and descending tracts

54
Q

Meninges

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater

55
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Fills sub-arachnoid space
Produced by choroid plexus
supports CNS and provides cushioning

56
Q

Brain Blood Supply

A

anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

57
Q

Spinal Cord Blood Supply

A

anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior arteries

58
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of PNS

Involved in sensations we are aware of

59
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Unconsious part of PNS
Regulates viseral (organ) functions to maintain homeostatsis
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

60
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight

2nd stage neurons far from target

61
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest or digest

2nd stage neurons close to target

62
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

On Occasion Out Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

63
Q

Forebrain

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

64
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

65
Q

Hindbrain

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

66
Q

Neocortex Layers

A

Layer 1 = synaptic integration
Layer 2 and 3 = input/ output to other cortical areas
Layer 4 = input from thalamus
Layer 5 = output brainstem and spinal cord
Layer 6 = output to thalamus

67
Q

Neocortex

A

Layers differ in thickness, cell density, and type
Pyramidal cells are output neurons and excitatory (layers 1,5,6)
Stellate cells are local circuits and can be excitatory or inhibitory (layers 2,3 layer 4 is spiny excitatory)
Columnar organization
50 distinct regions

68
Q

White Matter Fiber Tracts (3)

A
  1. Association = connects gyri in same hemisphere
  2. Commissural = connects corresponding gyri in opposite hemisphere
  3. Projection = connect cerebrum with other parts of brain and spinal cord
69
Q

Subcortical Areas

A

Basal Forebrain
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System

70
Q

Basal Forebrain

A

infront of and below thalamus
Nucleus Accumbens
Nucleus Basalis

71
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Part of Basal Forebrain

Role in cognitive processing of motivation and reward learning and addiction

72
Q

Nucleus Basalis

A

Part of Basal Forebrain

Role in sleep/wake cycle and learning and memory

73
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Lateral to thalamus
Plays role in selection of motor actions to execute
Striatum (caudate and putamen) and Globus pallidus

74
Q

Limbic System

A 
Basic motivations, emotions, learning, memory
Hippocampus
Cingulate cortex
Amygdala
Septum
Hypothalamus
Mammillary Bodies
Anterior nuclei of thalamus
75
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

76
Q

Thalamus

A

Process/relay somatic nervous system info to cerebral cortex
Sleep/wake states
Consciousness
Ascending Nuclei and Motor Help Nuclei

77
Q

Ascending Nuclei in Thalamus (3)

A 
Medial = auditory
Lateral = vision 
VPN = touch
78
Q

Motor Help Nuclei in Thalamus (2)

A 
VLN = cerebellum
VAN = basal ganglia
79
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Motivates search for food/drink/sleep/temp/mates

Controls activities of autonomic N.S.

80
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Tectum (roof) and Tegmentum (floor)

81
Q

Tectum

A

Superior Colliculi = visual motor function to direct bodys orientation towards or away from stimulus
Interior Colliculi = part of auditory system

82
Q

Tementum (Major parts and tracts)

A

Penaqueductal Grey = pain modulation, defensive behaviors, fight or flight
Red Nucleus = motor coordination, gets input from cerebeullum
Substantia Nigra = movement selection

Medial Lemniscus = somatosensory fibers ascending to VPN of thalamus
Pyramidal Tract = motor axons from primary motor cortex descending toward spinal cord

83
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum

84
Q

Pons

A

Ventral pons contain pontine nuclei and receives input from descending fibers of pyramidal tract
Pontine nuclei project axons into cerebellum via cerebellar peduncle

85
Q

Superior Peduncle

A

primary output, send to red nucleus and VLN

86
Q

Middle Peduncle

A

input from contalateral motor cortex via pontine nuclei

87
Q

Inferior Peduncle

A

input from ipsilateral inferior olive

88
Q

Myelencephalon

A 
Medulla
Responsible for basic functions of autonomic N.S.
Contains superior (hearing) and inferior (motor) olives
89
Q

Medulla Major Fiber Tracts

A

Medial Lemniscus = ascending sensory fibers in dorsal collumn nuclei, axons cross brain stem here

Medullary Pyramids = descending motor axons from primary motor cortex

90
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Involved in sleep/wake cycle, arousal/attention, voluntary motor control, reward and addiction, and mood
Raphe nuclei and locus coerulleus involved in mood and RAS
Ventral tegmental area = reward area

91
Q

Germinal Stage

A

time from fertilization to implantation in uterus

92
Q

Potency and types of potency

A 
Ability to develop into different cell types
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent
93
Q

Totipotent

A

fertilized egg to morula

94
Q

Pluripotent

A

blastocyst

95
Q

Gastrulation

A

Formation of Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

96
Q

Ectoderm

A

Becomes skin and nervous system

97
Q

Endoderm

A

Internal stuff

98
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle and skeleton

99
Q

Neurulation

A

Nervous system emerges, derived from ectoderm

Neural plate edges elevate and meet at midline forming neural tube

100
Q

Neural Tube

A

CNS

101
Q

Inside Neural Tube

A

Ventricles and spinal canal

102
Q

Neural Crest

A

PNS

103
Q

Somite

A

Skull and vertebrae, also mesoderm

104
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which structures become specialized

First Differentiation = three swellings called the primary vesicles (proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)

105
Q

Differentiation of Forebrain

A

Give rise to olfactory bulbs

Telecephalon fuses with diencephalon

NSC 201 (1 decks)

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