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Studying for Exams > Neuro Exam 1 > Flashcards

Neuro Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of a Neuron

A

1) Soma
2) Dendrites
3) Axon

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2
Q

Function of Dendrites

A

Receiving information from other neurons

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3
Q

Function of Axon

A

Sending information to other neurons

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4
Q

What is a Synapse

A

Connections from one neuron to another

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5
Q

In a chemical release, what is being released from the presynaptic membrane

A

Neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons

A

1) Motor
2) Sensory
3) Interneuron

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7
Q

Function of motor neurons

A

Receive excitation from dendrites

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8
Q

Function of sensory neurons

A

In charge of touch, smell, taste, vision, and hearing

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9
Q

Function of interneurons

A

Forming connections between neurons

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10
Q

Glial Cell Types

A

1) oligodendrocytes
2) astrocytes
3) microglia

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11
Q

Function of oligo cells

A

synthesize myelin sheaths

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12
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

support cells, remove glucose from the blood

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13
Q

What is silver staining

A

tissues are soaked in potassium dichromate, then silver nitrate, the whole cells turn black

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14
Q

Neurulation

A

The formation of the nervous system (within the first 3-4 weeks)

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15
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Incomplete fusion of the neural tube, vertebrae does not cover spinal cord

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16
Q

In what trimester do the neurons develop

A

1st trimester

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17
Q

In what trimester do neurons multiple, migrate, and branch

A

2nd trimester

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18
Q

In what trimester are synapses formed and reorganized, apoptosis occurs, and myelination

A

3rd trimester

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19
Q

What are the functions of your ventricles in the brain

A

Carry cerebral spinal fluid (csf), cushion the brain, and remove waste

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20
Q

How does hydrocephalus occur

A

When the csf is blocked, the ventricles become enlarged, resulting in a swelling head

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21
Q

what does the cervical enlargement control

A

upper limbs

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22
Q

what does the lumbar enlargement control

A

lower limbs

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23
Q

what controls bringing info from the brain to the body, breathing, and head/neck movement

A

upper cervical nerves

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24
Q

what controls heart rate, and shoulder movement

A

middle- lower cervical nerves

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25
Q

what controls keeping yourself upright and regulating your body temp

A

thoracic nerves

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26
Q

what controls hip movement, and knee extension

A

lumbar nerves

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27
Q

what controls bladder and bowel activity

A

sacral nerves

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28
Q

What is a herniated disc

A

disc between your vertebrae splitting open, pressing on your nerves, causes discomfort and pain

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29
Q

What is a spinal tap used for

A

for diagnosing diseases, it takes out csf to test it

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30
Q

Rexed’s laminae

A

sensations like pain, touch, feeling of hair follicles, etc in the dorsal horn gd ml]]

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31
Q

What do ascending spinal tracts do

A

send sensory info into the brain

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32
Q

What do descending tracts do

A

take motor info down to the spinal cord

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33
Q

Which spinal tract is from the cortex to the spinal cord, lateral, and anterior

A

Corticospinal tract

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34
Q

Which spinal tract is from the spinal cord to the thalamus, in charge of pain, temp, and crude touch

A

Spinothalamic tract

35
Q

Which spinal tract is from the spinal cord to thalamus, in charge of proprioception, and fine touch

A

Dorsal Columns

36
Q

Transection

A

Complete cut of the spinal cord, usually from a bullet or knife

37
Q

Contusion or compression

A

Bruising of the spinal cord from broken vertebrae, usually from a car accident

38
Q

Optic sensory

A

Eye

39
Q

Olfactory sensory

A

Nose

40
Q

Trochlear motor, abducent motor, oculomotor

A

moves your eye up down left right and around

41
Q

Trigeminal sensory and motor

A

face, sinuses, teeth, mastication

42
Q

Facial motor

A

muscles of the face

43
Q

Intermediate motor and sensory

A

creating saliva, tip of the tongue

44
Q

Vestibulocochlear sensory

A

inner ear

45
Q

Glossopharyngeal motor and sensory

A

swallowing, back of tongue, tonsils, throat

46
Q

Vagus motor and sensory

A

heart, lungs, bronchi, intestines, external ear

47
Q

Hypoglossal motor

A

muscles of the tongue

48
Q

Accessory motor

A

sternocleidomastoid (head movement)

49
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

50
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nervous outside of the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

sense organs, CNS to your body

52
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

heart, intestines, other organs, sympathetic + parasympathetic

53
Q

Afferent nerve endings

A

sensory receptors to the CNS

54
Q

Efferent nerve endings

A

CNS to the body, induce motor activity

55
Q

Alpha motor nerve

A

voluntary movement

56
Q

Gamma motor nerve

A

involuntary movement

57
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight, flight, freeze, prepares organs for vigorous activity, produces adreneline

58
Q

Parasympathetic

A

nonemergency responses, produces acetylcholine

59
Q

What happens to your body when sympathetic NS is activated

A

Pupils dilate, salivation and digestive activity are inhibited, bronchi and bladder are relaxed, heart accelerates, contracts rectum, stimulates glucose release in the liver, secretes adreneline from the kidney

60
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

61
Q

What does the medulla control

A

breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, salivation

62
Q

What in the medulla carries voluntary motor messages from the cerebellum to the spinal cord

A

Pyramids

63
Q

Where in the medulla do the fibers cross

A

Decussation of pyramids

64
Q

What in the medulla is in charge of proprioception

A

Olive

65
Q

What in the dorsal medulla has no blood-brain barrier, and triggers vomiting

A

Area Postrema

66
Q

What is the bridge between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

A

Pons

67
Q

What in the midbrain brings in visual information

A

Superior colliculus

68
Q

What in the midbrain brings in auditory information

A

Inferior colliculus

69
Q

What in the midbrain is the dopamine pathway to the motor area of the brain

A

Substantia Nigra

70
Q

What in the midbrain receives sensory information, and helps to regulate attention

A

Reticular Formation

71
Q

What is in charge of timing, balance and coordination, and shifting attention between visual and auditory stimuli

A

Cerebellum

72
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

73
Q

What processes sensory information before sending it to the cortex

A

Thalamus

74
Q

What relays information into the pituitary glands, and releases hormones

A

Hypothalamus

75
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

growth, prolactin

76
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

anti-diuretic, oxytocin

77
Q

What is your lateral hypothalamus in charge of

A

To trigger you to start eating

78
Q

What is your ventromedial hypothalamus in charge of

A

To trigger you to stop eating

79
Q

What makes up your limbic system

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

80
Q

What is in charge of emotion, fear, social judgement, and percieving emotion in others

A

Amygdala

81
Q

What is in charge of making new memories

A

Hippocampus

82
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to form memories for NEW events after the damage

83
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

loss of memories that occured before the damage, more severe most recently before damage

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