Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 30 Advanced > Neuro/Endo Systems > Flashcards

Neuro/Endo Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Communication System that detects, processes, and responses to stimuli

A

Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Evolutionary concentration of interneurons at anterior end of organism

A

Cephalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type of excitable cell that detects and processes stimuli

A

Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structural and metabolic support for neurons

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of neurons and their functions

A
  1. Sensory: detect stimuli (receptors)
  2. Interneurons: integrate signals (integrators)
  3. Motor: signal effectors to perform actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two Types of Nervous Systems and function

A
  1. Central: Processes and responses to signals

2. Detects and relays signals, responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Main Nerves in Body and number

A 
Cranial (12 pairs)
Cervical (8 pairs)
Thoracic (12 pairs)
Lumbar (5 pairs)
Sacral (5 pairs)
Coccygeal (1 pair)

Ulnar (1/arm)
Sciatic (1/leg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Axons relaying signals into CNS

A

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Axons relaying commands from CNS

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neuron extensions that receive signals

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neuron extension that sends signal

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Zones of a neuron

A 
Input zone (cell body and dendrites)
Trigger zone (special membrane section)
Conducting zone (axon)
Output zone (axon ending/synapse)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Term for Electric Gradient across neuron not receiving a signal

A

Resting Membrane Potential ~= -70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stimulation of excitable cell

A

Action Potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

An Action Potential is…

A

an abrupt reversal of the electric gradient across a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neurons maintain resting potential by…

A
  • actively pumping Sodium out of cell and Potassium into cell
  • more potassium, less sodium in cell

-sodium not able to leak back into cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Action Potential triggers voltage reversal by…

A

Openings voltage-activated sodium and potassium gates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Steps of an action potential:

A
  1. Pressure, other stimulus on sensory neuron deforms membrane, allows ions through. Creates graded potential
  2. If potential is above threshold level, gated ion channels open, bringing in sodium ions.
  3. Increasing positive charge of cell leads to more gates opening (positive feedback mechanisms)
  4. Action Potential self-propagates along conducting zone (axon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Threshold Level?

A

Voltage needed to activate gated ion channels in trigger zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is an AP an all-or-nothing event?

A

Because once the threshold level has been reached, stimulus strength has no bearing on proceeding AP, same number of gates will open due to positive feedback.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why does an AP flow only one way?

A

Because after a timeout period, ion gates close and are deactivated for awhile, causing ions to only be able to flow to a new part of the conducting zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Point of interaction between two neurons (signal transfer location)

A

Chemical Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cell sending a signal across a synapse

A

Presynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cell receiving a signal across a synapse

A

Postsynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gap between pre- and postsynaptic cells

A

Synaptic Cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Signalling molecule that relays message between neurosystem cells

A

Neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sum of all signals entering an interneurons

A

Synaptic Integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neurotransmitter that induces muscle contractions in smooth muscle, slows cardiac contraction, has roles in mood and memory

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neurotransmitter that speeds heart rate, dilutes pupils and airway, slows gut contractions, increases anxiety

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

Aka Adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Neurotransmitter that dampens other neurotransmitters, has roles in memory, learning, fine motor control

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Neurotransmitter that elevates mood, has role in memory

A

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Neurotransmitter that inhibits release of other neurotransmitters

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A molecule that influences effects of neurotransmitters

A

Neuromuscular or

33
Q

3 ways of removing neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft

A
  1. Diffusion back into presynaptic cell/extra cellular fluid
  2. Pumping back into presynaptic cell or neuroglia
  3. Breakdown by released enzymes
34
Q

How does nerve gas work?

A

Inhibits removal of neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft, negatively impacts ability of cells to signal

35
Q

Types of Interneuron Circuits

A
  1. Diverging: dendrites extend from one block of neurons and axons extend to another
  2. Converging: many neurons converge their signals on a small number of neurons
  3. Reverberating: neuron loops signal back on itself
36
Q

What surrounds axons and what are their purpose?

A

A myelin sheath made of Schwann cells. It prevents ions from crossing the cell membrane at any point but nodes, which lay between two cells. The nodes are unsheathed but have many Na gates that speed up A.P.s immensely. Allowing rapid signal movement.

37
Q

Reflex

A

Autonomic response to a stimulus that does not require any thought

38
Q

Steps of the stretch reflex

A
  1. Force applied to muscle, AP triggered through sensory neurons on deformed muscle spindle
  2. AP travels to spinal cord
  3. Neurotransmitter released at spinal cord, stimulates motor neuron
  4. Motor neuron releases ACh, stimulates muscle fibres
  5. Muscle contracts
39
Q

The two classes of nerves in PNS and roles

A
  1. Somatic: information to/from skin, tendons, skeletal muscle; responsible for voluntary motion
  2. Autonomic: information to/from viscera; involuntary actions
40
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nerves and roles

A
  1. Sympathetic: active during stress; fight or flight reflexes
  2. Parasympathetic: active during relaxation; daily housekeeping, digestion, urine formation
41
Q

Two types of CNS matter

A

Grey matter - inner matter: cell bodies, dendrites, unsheathed axons, neuroglia

White matter - outer matter: myelin-sheathed axons, neuroglia

42
Q

Spinal roots for different neuron types

A

Dorsal root - sensory/afferent neurons

Ventral root - motor/efferent neurons

43
Q

Brain can be divided into…

A
  1. Cerebrum (higher-order thought, motion)
  2. Cerebellum (balance)
  3. Brain Stem (basic life functions)

OR

  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
44
Q

Functions of the medulla oblongata

A

Respiration, circulation, swallowing, coughing, affects sleep

45
Q

Functions of the Cerebellum

A

Receives input from muscle spindles, eyes, ears, forebrain regions; controls balance and posture

46
Q

Functions of the Pons

A

Controls respiration, connects different parts of brain, controls signal flow

47
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

Processes sensory input, controls muscles, functions in memories, emotion and higher thought

48
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Sorting and relay station, role in memory

49
Q

Function of the corpus callosum

A

Connects and coordinates the two brain hemispheres

50
Q

Clear fluid that cushions brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

Function of the blood-brain barrier

A

Protects brain from harmful substances, carefully controls homeostasis in the brain by very selectively allowing substances into cerebrospinal fluid.

52
Q

The lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

53
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

In frontal lobe, controls and coordinates movements of skeletal muscle

54
Q

Premotor cortex

A

In frontal loge, ahead of primary motor cortex

Regulates complex movements and learned motor skills; coordinates actively of multiple muscle groups

55
Q

Broca’s Area

A

In frontal lobe

Translates thought to speech, controls tongue, throat, lips for speech

56
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Located at front of parietal lobe

Receiving centre for sensory input form skin and joints, part of it deals with taste perception

57
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Back of occipital lobe

Receives input from eyes

58
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Front of frontal lobe

Personality, abstract thought, judgement, planning, empathy

59
Q

The limbic system…

A

Governs emotions, assists in memory, correlates organ activity with self-gratifying behaviour
Encircles upper brain stem

60
Q

The functions of the hypothalamus (limbic)

A

Controls homeostasis

Correlates emotions and visceral activity

61
Q

Functions of the hippocampus

A

Helps store and access memories

62
Q

Functions of the amygdala

A

Interprets social clues, role in sense of self

63
Q

Functions of the Cingulate Gyrus

A

Helps regulate emotions and pain

Involved in predicting and avoiding negative consequences

64
Q

neuroglia functions

A 
Structure, paths
Insulation (Schwann cells)
Immune defence
Maintaining proper ion concentrations
Synthesize various substances (growth factor, lactate)
Consume dead cells
65
Q

Types of signalling molecules

A
  1. Hormones - long-distance body communication
  2. Neurotransmitters - secreted by neurons into synaptic cleft
  3. Local signalling molecules - secreted by cells, affect only nearby tissue
  4. Pheromones - air/water dissolved substances that help integrate social behaviour
66
Q

Main glands of the endocrine system

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads (ovaries/testes)
67
Q

Cell sensitivity to hormones is affected by…

A 
Presence of proper receptors
Interaction between hormones
Concentration of hormone in tissue
Cell's nutritional and metabolic state
Environment conditions
68
Q

Hypothalamus (endocrine)

A

Secretes releasing hormones:
Oxytocin (contractions, lactation, social behaviour)
Antidiuretic hormone (controls amount of H2O lost in urine)

Sends hormones to posterior pituitary gland.

69
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Two lobes: anterior and posterior
Controlled by releasing/inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus

Secretes:
andrenocorticotropic hormone: stimulates release of cortisol
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: stimulates release of thyroid hormone
Growth hormone (somatotropin): promotes bone, tissue growth

70
Q

Skin-covered cartilage flap of outer ear

A

Pinna

71
Q

Bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

72
Q

Snail-like structure of inner ear

A

The cochlea

73
Q

The two ducts of the inner ear

A

Scala vestibuli

Scalia tympani

74
Q

Structure of scala media (middle cochlear duct)

A

Basilar membrane which differentially vibrates

Organ of Corti that has hair cells that stick into the tectorial membrane

75
Q

Covers the front of the eye

A

Cornea

76
Q

Covers the back of eye

A

Sclera

77
Q

Provides nutrition for eye and absorbs missed light

A

Choroid

78
Q

Muscles that adjust lens shape

A

Ciliary muscles

79
Q

Eye structure with photoreceptors

A

Retina

80
Q

Lubricates lens and outer eye

A

Aqueous humour

81
Q

Fills eyeball and gives structure

A

Vitreous body

Biology 30 Advanced (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions