Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med-Surg Exam 3 > Neuro, Ears, and Eyes > Flashcards

Neuro, Ears, and Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the patho of MS?

A

Chronic, progressive, degenerative, demyelinating neurologic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the classifications of MS?

A

1) relapsing-remitting (most common); 2) primary progressive; 3) secondary progressive; 4) progressive-relapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MS is more common in…..

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some DX tests for MS?

A

MRI, evoked potential response; CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some tx for MS?

A

disease modifying therapies (DMT’s)
immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies, Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, muscle relaxants, tricyclic antidepressants, anticholinergics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the patho of PD?

A

-Progressive, degenerative neurologic disease, affecting voluntary motor functions.
-Failure of dopamine to inhibit acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are some TX for PD?

A

1) enhance release or supply of dopamine or
2) antagonize the effects of overactive cholinergic neurons:
- levodopa/carbidopa, dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antidepressants, propranolol & botulism toxin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a surgical option for PD?

A

deep brain stimulation (electrodes implanted into the brain and connected to a pulse generator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the patho of huntington’s disease?

A

A single gene disorder – genetic autosomal. Progressive, degenerative, inherited neurologic disease → dementia and chorea. ↓ gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine levels. Excess of dopamine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tx for huntington’s disease:

A

There is no known cure or treatment for HD. Collaborative palliative care:
RX: tetrabenzine to treat the chorea; to decrease dopamine at the synapses; Others: haloperidol and risperidone; benzos, SSRI’s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the patho for ALS?

A

rapidly progressive and fatal degenerative neurologic disease characterized by weakness and wasting of muscles under voluntary control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PD is more common in…..

A

men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the patho of myasthenia gravis?

A

Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder → fatigue & severe weakness of skeletal muscles with periods of remission. Antibodies destroy or block neuromuscular junction receptor sites ↓ acetylcholine receptors. Strength usually restored after period of rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some Dx tests for myasthenia Gravis?

A

Anticholinesterase test, nerve stimulation studies, anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and Tensilon tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some TX for myasthenia Gravis?

A

Thymectomy (40% remission with this surgery) for pt’s < 60; plasmapheresis; IV IgG. RX: anticholinesterase drugs (Mestinon), corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the patho for GBS?

A

Acute inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the peripheral nervous system → acute onset of ascending motor paralysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some DX tests for GBS?

A

↑ CSF protein, Electromyographic (EMG) studies that reflect ↓ nerve conduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is some TX for GBS?

A

Plasmapheresis. IV immunoglobulin. Prolonged rehab. Recovery is slow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some TX for trigeminal neuralgia?

A

phenytoin, rhizotomy: caution with applying any chemicals to face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some TX for Bell’s Palsy

A

antivirals and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

do patients with bell’s palsy recover?

A

80% of patient’s recover within 2 weeks to a few months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pink eye or acute conjunctivitis is caused by?

A

staphylococcus, haemophilus, chlamydia or gonococcus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some tx for acute conjunctivitis?

A

proper handwashing is imperative; RX: antibiotics (eye-drops), antivirals, anti-inflammatories and antihistamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is blepharitis?

A

Inflammation of the glands and lash follicles on the margins of the eyelid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is TX for blepharitis?

A

gentle cleansing with baby shampoo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is hordeolum (stye)?

A

Infection of one or more of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid
-staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are tx for hordeolum (stye)?

A

warm moist compresses QID; antibiotics (possibly) and/or incision and drainage (I&D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a chalazion?

A

Chronic inflammation of meibomian glands

29
Q

what are some tx for chalazion?

A

warm moist compresses QID; antibiotics (possibly) and/or incision and drainage (I&D)

30
Q

what is entropion?

A

Inversion of eyelid margin that may lead to corneal irritation and scarring
-associated w aging or infection

31
Q

what are tx for entropion?

A

may need corrective surgery

32
Q

what is cataracts?

A

Opacification of the lens; one of the leading causes of blindness

33
Q

what are some risk factors for cataracts?

A

age (affects 50% >65; nearly all >70), smoking, ↑ exposure to UV rays, ETOH use, trauma, radiation, DM or congenital.

34
Q

how do we treat cataracts

A

Surgery
(HOB ↑ 30 degrees lying on opposite side of surgery); avoid activities that increase IOP; post-op eyedrops (antibiotics and corticosteroids)

35
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

Optic neuropathy with ↑ intraocular pressure; optic nerve atrophy; peripheral visual field loss

36
Q

what are some risk factors for glaucoma?

A

age, family hx, African American (open angle), Far Eastern, Asian, Inuit (narrow angle).

37
Q

what are tx for glaucoma?

A

Open angle medications i.e., topical beta-adrenergic blockers; topical adrenergics (mydriatics); topical prostaglandin analogs; topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and surgery. These medications are life-long therapies. Narrow angle medications include diuretics for rapid decrease in intraocular pressure or surgery. Avoid any medication or positioning (bending over) that ↑ eye pressure.

38
Q

what is Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

-drusen deposits beneath the pigment epithelium of the retina which causes atrophy and interferes with macular function.
-formation of new, weak blood vessels in the potential space between the choroid

39
Q

what are some tx for age related macular degeneration?

A

Dry AMD: RX include high-dose antioxidants, vitamins, minerals.
Wet AMD: medications injected into vitreous cavity (inhibit endothelial growth factor), laser surgery or photodynamic therapy (destroys abnormal blood vessels)

40
Q

what are the 4 stages of retinopathy?

A
  1. Mild non-proliferative
  2. Moderate non-proliferative
  3. Severe non-proliferative: retinal edema (from leakage) → small hemorrhage (from rupture).
  4. Proliferative: large areas of retinal ischemia; formation of new blood vessels; spread to over inner surface of retina and into the vitreous body;
41
Q

what are tx for retinopathy?

A

Photocoagulation or vitrectomy (reduces risk of retinal hemorrhage, detachment, and edema).

42
Q

how do we treat retina displacment?

A

Usually urgent surgery (which includes the use of a bubble and correct positioning), cyrotherapy, photocoagulation.

43
Q

what is otitis externa?

A

inflammation of external ear canal
-swimmers ear

44
Q

what are some tx for otitis externa?

A

thorough cleansing and medication i.e., topical antibiotics, pain relief and/or anti-itch

45
Q

what are some treatments for otitis media and OM effusion?

A

: medications i.e., anti-inflammatory, decongestant and/or antihistamine, antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics; application of heat; surgery which includes myringotomy (avoid getting water into ears).
-OME: valsalva manuever

46
Q

how do we treat Meniere’s disease Chronic “attacks” of vertigo

A

-meds: diuretics, scopolamine, antivertigo/antiemetic (meclizine hydrochloride), and sedatives; supportive therapy, i.e., dark, quiet room, IV fluids if needed, low sodium diet, avoidance of caffeine, tobacco, and ETOH; avoid sudden movements.
-Surgery; endolymphatic decompression or labyrinthectomy as a last resort.

47
Q

how do we describe conductive hearing loss?

A

disruption of sound via obstruction (impacted cerumen, edema, neoplasm, perforated TM, fixed ossicles, scarring, or middle ear fluid

48
Q

how do we describe sensorineural hearing loss?

A

affects auditory nerve and pathway

49
Q

what % of the population over 85 experience dementia in some form?

A

nearly 50%

50
Q

what is commonly the first symptom of alzheimers that is normally looked over?

A

subtle memory loss

51
Q

what frequently is a cause of death for alzheimers?

A

aspiration pneumonia

52
Q

what is the definitive diagnosis for alzheimers disease?

A

post mortem examination of brain tissue that identifies plaques and tangles

53
Q

name 3 interventions that should be used to avoid increasing intra ocular pressure?

A

-do not lay on affected side
-do not bend over
-elevate HOB at least 30 degrees
-avoid meds that can increase IOP

54
Q

list 5 latent symptoms of alzheimers

A

-difficulty performing familiar tasks
-lang/comm problems
-disorientation
-poor judgement
-misplacing things
-loss of initiative
-sundowning

55
Q

what causes MS?

A

an autoimmune response to a prior viral infection or immunologic or genetic factor

56
Q

what is the most common classification of MS?

A

relaspsing-remitting course

57
Q

describe the affect that climate has on the prevalence of MS in particular regions?

A

increased prevalence in temperate climates vs less prevalence in tropical climates near the equator

58
Q

what usually is the COD for someone with MS?

A

usually due to infectious complications of immobility or an unrelated disease

59
Q

list 3 pharmacologic classes used to treat MS?

A

immunomodulators
monoclonial antibodies
corticosteriods
immunosuppresants
muscle relaxants
tricyclic antidepressants
anticholinergics

60
Q

what is chorea?

A

movements that are the involuntary, rapid jerky movements of limbs trunk and face

61
Q

how long does one with ALS usually live after diagnosis?

A

usually 2-6 years

62
Q

what is the characteristic symp of GBS?

A

acute onset of ascending motor paralysis

63
Q

what is a tensilon test, what does it diagnose?

A

myasthenia gravis
-injected IV, marked improvement in muscle tone that lasts 4-5 minutes

64
Q

a pt has increased pain when her auricle is manipulated and a feeling of fullness with purulent discharge. What diagnosis do you suspect?

A

otitis eterna

65
Q

pt complains of decreased hearing, frequent popping sensation, pain with pressure changes. What diagnosis do you suspect?

A

serous otitis media (middle ear infection)

66
Q

what is a myringotomy and what does it treat?

A

-the sugical creation of a hole in the eardrum
-to drain middle-ear fluids and relieve pain in a pt with otitis media

67
Q

what sugical intervention treats otosclerosis, what pt teaching is most important post-procedure?

A

stapedectomy
-sneezing, coughing with mouth open

68
Q

what disease presents with chronic attacks of vertigo, tinnitus, and progressive unilateral hearing loss? what are three treatments?

A

meniere’s disease
-avoid sudden movements
-dark quite room
-low na diet
-IVF if needed
avoid caffine
-avoid tobacco
-avoid alc

69
Q

someone with glaucoma would experience what visual change?

A

loss of peripheral vision field

Med-Surg Exam 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions