Neuro: Disease Presentation Summaries COPY Flashcards
Neural tube defects are associated with what maternal conditions and what levels can be detected in the amniotic fluid
Associated with maternal diabetes and low folic acid
Inc AFP in amniotic fluid (and maternal serum)
Inc Acetylcholinesterase in ambnniotic fluid
(note no inc in AFP in spina bifida occulta)
During what wweeks of development does holoprosencephaly occur and what gene/defects is it associated with
filure of hemisphers to seperate usually during weeks 5- 6
possibly due to mutations in sonic hedgehog (also patau and fetal alchohol syndrome)
can be seen with cleft lip or palate or cyclopia
What symptoms are associated with a chiari 1 maolformation
hernation of cerebellar tonsisl; manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms, associated with spinal cavitations (sytingomyelia)
What symptoms are associated with a chiari 2 maolformations
herniation of vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis leading to hydrocephalus
usually assoc with LUMBOSACRAL meningomyelocele
paralysis/sensory loss at and below the level of the lesion
What symptoms are associated with a Dandy walkder
agenesis of vermis with cysteic enlargement of the 4th ventrical
associated with non communicating hydrocephalus and SPINA BIFIDA
What symptoms are associated with a syringomyelia
cape like bilateral loss of pain and temp sensataion in upper extremities due to compression of fibers crossing in anterior white commisure (spinothalamic)
What type of sensation is preserved in syringomyelia
fine touch sensation
What are the muscles and their actions that control the tongue
hyoglossus: retracts and depresses
Genioglosssus: protrudes
Styoglosssus: draws sides of tongue upward to make trough for swallowing
palatoglosssus elevates posterior tongue during swallowing
what is the innervation to the muscles of the tongue
Hyo,genio, styloglossus: CN XII
Palatoglossus: CN X
WHich parts of a neuron will be viewed with nissl staining
dendrites and cell body (not the axon)
Stains RER
What is wallerian degeneration
degenreation of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
astrocytes create what type of buffer
glycogen fuel reserve buffer and extracellular buffer
if there is neural injury what cell responds to form reactive gliosis
astrocyte (marked by GFAP
Are microglia discernible by nissl stain
no
Name 3 conditions that damage oligodendrocytes
MS, PML, Leukodystrophies
Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:
1: slow unmyelinated fibers
2: Large myleinated fibers; adapt quickly
3: Fast myelinated fibers
4: large mylinated fibers adapt quickly
5: large mylinated fibers adapt slowly
6: dendritic endings with capsule; adapt slowly
1: C free nerve endigs
2: Meissner corpuscles
3: Ad free nerve endings
4: pacinian corpuscles
5: Merkel disks
6: Ruffini corpuscles
Which type of Sensory receptor is being reffered to here:
1: all skin epidermis some viscera
2: Deep skin, ligaments, joiints
3: finger tips superficial skin
4: Glabrous skin (hairless)
5: Finger tips, joints
1: Free nerve endings
2: Pacinian
3: merkel
4: Meissner
5: RUffini
what are the functions of the hypothalamus
Thirst and water balance Adenohypophysis (ant pit) control Neutohypophysis (posterior pituitary Hunger regulation Autonomic nervous regulation Temperature regulation Sexual urges TAN HATS
What is the function of the lateral area of the hypothalamuss (what happens if its destroyed)
Hunger
If destroyed: anorexia, failure to thrive (zap your lateral and you grow lateral)
Stimulated by: ghrelin
inhibited by leptin
What is the function of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Satiety.
If destroyed: hyperphagia (zap your vm and you grow ventral and medial)
Stimulated by leptin
What is the function of the anterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
cooling, pArAsympathetic (anterior cooling=A/C)
destroyed hot
What is the function of the posterior area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Heating, sympathetic (if you zlap that hot posterior things are probably gonna cool down between you)
What is the function of the suprchiasmatic nucleus area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
circadian rhythm
What is the function of the supraoptic and paraventricular area of the hypothalamus (what happens if its destroyed)
Synthesize ADH adh oxytocin
carried by neurophysins down axons to the posterior pituitary
