Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Neuro diagnostics > Flashcards

Neuro diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

radiographs

A
  • fasted pre- and post-prandial bile acids
  • ACTH stim test
  • Dexamethasone suppression test
  • urine protein:creatinine ratio
  • paired insulin and glucose levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

infectious testing: peripheral blood or serum

A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans (cats)
  • endemic opportunistic fungus
  • respiratory entry, but neurotropic organism
  • Latex Capsular Agglutination Test (LCAT)-very sensitive and specific
  • Leptomeningitis-eosinophils on CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

infectious testing: CSF

A
  • toxoplasma gondii
  • neospora canis
  • cryptococcus neoformans
  • distemper virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

infectious testing: regional diseases

A

Coccidioides, Blastomycoses, Hepatozoon…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

infectious testing: PCR panels

A

respiratory (cats), neurological (dogs)…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

radiographs

A
  • survey analysis
  • other systemic disease
  • anatomy
  • boney lesions
  • will NOT see neural structures
  • will NOT see discs (unless mineralized)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ultrasound

A
  • sound waves do NOT penetrate bone
  • persistent fontanelle-a window
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

myelography

A
  • survey spinal rads
  • intrathecal injection
  • repeat radiographic series
  • complications
    • arrest
    • seizures (higher if >20 kgs or cisternal)
    • worsening neuro status (chemical meningitis)
  • non-ionic, iodinated, low osmolality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

computed tomography

A
  • more sensitive than conventional rads
  • contrast arises from different degrees of attenuation of x-rays (tissue density)
  • rapid, inexpensive, can be performed under sedation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A
  • signal comes from protons which behave differently depending on environment
  • very esnsitive for soft tissue resolution
  • slow
  • requires general anesthesia
  • can’t use with pacemaker or region of interest has prior implants
  • gadolinium-based contrast, paramagnetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when to MRI

A
  • most brain diseases
  • intramedullary spinal diseases, tumors
  • non-chondrodystrophoid or Type II IVDD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when to CT

A
  • fractures, boney disease
  • mineralized, Type I IVDD
  • poor for caudal fossa and lumbosacral area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CSF

A
  • bathes brain and spinal cord
  • produced by choroid plexus
  • carbonic anhydrase
  • drained by arachnoid villi into venous sinuses
  • ultrafiltrate of plasma (almost water)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CSF tap

A
  • considerations
    • competency
    • requires general anesthesia
    • rapid degradation of cells
  • very sensitive, not specific
  • greater meningeal or ependymal involvement, the more abnormal CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CSF tap contraindications

A
  • increased intracranial pressure
  • lack of comfort/competency with procedure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CSF collection-cisternal puncture

A

(dog, cat, horse…)

  • cerebellomedullary cistern, cisterna magna
  • landmarks
    • occiput
    • spine of C2
    • wings of C1
  • spinal needle-stylet
17
Q

CSF collection-lumbar puncture

A
  • subarachnoid space
    • L5-6 in dog
    • L6-7 or L7-S1 in cat
  • higher rate of blood contamination
  • indicated if closer to lesion
18
Q

CSF analysis

A
  • color and clarity (clear and colorless)
  • total nucleated cell count (<5 uL, mononuclear)
  • red blood cell count (0)
  • protein concentration (cisternal <25 mg/dL, lumbar <40 mg/dL)
  • rarely gives definitive diagnosis
  • must be interpreted in light of other findings
19
Q

xanthochromia

A
  • yellow tinge
  • usually from prior hemorrhage (>10h)
  • can last up to 4 weeks
20
Q

turbidity

A

usually from increased cellularity

21
Q

pleocytosis

A

too many cells

22
Q

albuminocytologic dissociation

A

elevated CSF protein concentration in the face of a normal CSF cell count

23
Q

neuromuscular testing

A
  • 2-M antibody titer
    • masticatory myositis
    • serum sample
  • Acetylcholine receptor antibody titer
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • serum sample
  • electrodiagnostic testing
  • muscle and nerve biopsies
24
Q

electrodiagnostic testing

A
  • electromyography
  • nerve conduction velocity: motor and sensory
  • F-waves: nerve root
  • brainstem auditory evoked response
  • repetitive nerve stimulation: MG suspect
  • electroencephalography
25
Q

electromyography

A
  • healthy muscle is electrically silent
  • abnormal discharges can occur from metabolic, muscle or nerve disease
  • when denervated, muscle becomes very sensitive to circulating ACh
  • insertional acitivty
  • spontaneous discharges
26
Q

nerve conduction studies

A
  • evaluate conduction (speed and strength)
    • motor and sensory
    • latency
    • amplitude (number of axons)
    • velocity (degree of myelination)
  • M wave
  • affected by age, limb temp, limb length
27
Q

F wave

A
  • evaluate the nerve root, only motor
  • both orthodromic and antidromic stimulus
  • orthodromic stimulus reaches muscle fiber, it elicits a strong response indicative of muscle contraction (M wave)
  • antidromic stimulus evokes a small proporition of the muscle fibers causing a small, second CMAP called the F wave
28
Q

BAER

A
  • measure of conductive, sensorineural hearing and brainstem function
  • up to 7 waves
  • skull thickness and muscle mass reduce amplitudes
  • I, II, V reliable
  • congenital deafness
29
Q
A

Neuro (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions