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NPTE > Neuro Diagnoses > Flashcards

Neuro Diagnoses Flashcards

1
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Irreversible degeneration of acetylcholine transmitters within cerebral cortex
  • progressive
  • amyloid plaques
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2
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - etiology

A

Unknown
-Maybe: lower levels of neurotransmitters, higher levels of aluminum in brain, genetics, autoimmune, abn amyloid processing, virus

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3
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - risk

A

Older women

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4
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - sxs (early, middle, late)

A

-early on: difficulty w/ new learning, subtle changes to memory and concentration

  • word finding difficulties, no orientation, depression, poor judgement
  • rigidity, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, unable to self-care

-end stage: severe intellectual/physical destruction, incontinence, funct dep, inability to speak

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5
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - tx

A

No cure

-treat sxs w/ rx

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6
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - rx

A
  • Rx: block acetylcholinesterase, Alleviate cog sxs, control behavior
  • Tacrine (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon)
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7
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A
  • chronic degenerative
  • muscle denervation and atrophy, weakness
  • upper AND lower motor neuron impairment
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8
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - UMN/LMN

A
  • UMN: Coritcospinal/bulbar demye

- LMN: loss of ant horn cells in spinal cord, loss of motor cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

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9
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - risk

A

40-70 y.o. men

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10
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - etiology

A

Unknown

-Maybe: genetics, virus, metabolic disturbances, toxicity of lead/aluminum

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11
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - sxs

A
  • Distal to proximal ASYMM muscle weakness
  • fatigue, oral motor deficits, motor and resp paralysis

-fasciculations, cramping, hand atrophy, incoordination, spasticity, clonus, +Babinski

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12
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - tx

A

-tx: PT, OT, SLP, RT, Nutritional Therapy

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13
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - rx

A

riluzole (Rilutek)

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14
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A
  • median nerve entrapment
  • normal pressure 2 to 10 mmHg, CTS > 30mmHg
  • nerve ischemia
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15
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - etiology

A

Unclear

-associated: repetitive use, RA, pregnancy, DM, cumulative trauma disorders, tumor, hypothyroidism, wrist sprain or fx

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16
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - sxs

A
  • Median sensory changes and paresthesia
  • May radiate up
  • Night pain, weakness, muscle atrophy, clumsy, dec mobility
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17
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome - risks

A

Young adults; adults 5th-8th decade

18
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A
  • autoimmune “acute polyneuropathy”
  • temp inflammation and demye of peripheral nerve myelin sheath
  • axonal degeneration
19
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome - etiology

A

Unknown
-possible response from previous resp infection, flu, immunization, sx

-associations: viral infection, Epstein-Barr syndrome, cytomegalovirus, bacterial infection, sx, and vaccinations

20
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome - sxs

A
  • distal to proximal and symm
  • sensory impairment

-sometimes: absent DTR, can’t speak, or swallow, respiratory paralysis

21
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome - progression

A

2-4 weeks: peak impairment

22
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome - tx

A
  • hospitalization

- PT, OT, SLP

23
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome - rx

A
  • immunosuppressive, analgesics, narcotic

- cardiac monitoring, plasmapheresis, mechanical vent

24
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome - PT

A

Pulmonary rehab, strength/mobility, WC/orthotics, AD

25
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

basal ganglia and cerebral cortex degeneration/atrophy

26
Q

Huntington’s Disease - etiology

A

Autosomal dominant

35-55 y.o.

27
Q

Huntington’s Disease - sxs

A
  • affective dysfunction, personality changes
  • cog impairment
  • chorea, choreoathetoid, ataxia
  • grimacing, tongue protrusion
28
Q

Huntington’s Disease - Late stage

A

-mental deterioration, dec IQ, depression, dysphagia, incontinence, immobility, rigidity

29
Q

Huntington’s Disease - tx

A

Family counseling, rx

30
Q

Huntington’s Disease - PT

A

Endurance, strength, balance, postural control, funct mobility

31
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • autoimmune demyelination patches in brain and spinal cord

- plaque development

32
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - types (best to worst)

A

Relapse and remitting
Secondary progressive
Primary progressive
Progressive relapse remitting - worst prognosis

33
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - etiology

A

Unknown

  • maybe: slow acting virus initiates autoimmune response
  • associations: genetics, viral inf, enviro
34
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - risks

A

20-35 y.o.

35
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - initial sxs

A
  • visual problems, clumsiness, fatigue

- paresthesias, sensory changes, weakness, ataxia, balance dysfunct,

36
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - tx and goals

A

Tx: rx, medical intervention, PT, OT, SLP,

Goal: dec length of exaccerbation

37
Q

Multiple Sclerosis - PT

A

Energy conservation, normalization of tone, balance and gait, core, AD and adaptive devices

40
Q

CVA Types (5)

A 
Transient Ischemic Attack
Completed Stroke - total sxs at onset
Stroke in Evolution - thrombus usu, gradual onset of sxs
Ischemic (embolus/thrombus)
Hemorrhagic
41
Q

CVA Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Usu atherosclerotic thrombus
Sxs resolve quickly (24-48h)
Carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries

42
Q

CVA Ischemic

A

Embolus (20% of ischemic CVAs) or thrombus
-loss of perfusion w/i seconds
Irreversible infarct w/ surrounding ischemia

NPTE (2 decks)

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