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Spring '14-127 Neuro, Brain Matter & Cerebral Cortex Outline > Neuro, Brain Matter, & Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Neuro, Brain Matter, & Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

All behavior is __________ & ______________.

A

Neurological & it is what we can observe (language, movement, speech, facial expressions, etc.)

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2
Q

In 1860’s what did Broca & Wernicke notice?

A

That specific areas of the brain, when injured, resulted in specific deficits and specific behaviors

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3
Q

Name one rule of neuro.

A

Doesn’t matter if your left or right-handed, gender, or culture our brains are all mapped out the same way

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4
Q

Behavioral symptomology and lesion sites are _______.

A

Predictable

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5
Q

What is Wernicke’s area for?

A

Language

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6
Q

What is Broca’s for?

A

Speech; it is the motor-strip

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7
Q

Neuroscience includes what two things?

A
  • Neuroanatomy

- Neurophysiology

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8
Q

What does neuroscience focus on?

A

the brain and CNS

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9
Q

What type of division is there between the CNS & PNS?

A

Anatomical division

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10
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A

brain

brain stem

spinal cord

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11
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

Everything else :); Nerves that exit the cranium & spinal column

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12
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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14
Q

What are cervical nerves used for?

A

Breathing control

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15
Q

Virtually everything in our body……

A

comes in pairs

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16
Q

Describe the 4 functions/roles of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensor: This is how we perceive and understand the world we live in; it is the incoming info from our body
  2. Motor: “effector”; it moves us, it creates behavior,
  3. Integrator: Processing facial expressions, tone of voice, etc
  4. Regulator: This is the brain stem; dealing with temp., BP, heart rate
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17
Q

Which of the 4 functions/roles of the nervous system are the most important?

A

Sensor

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18
Q

Which of the 4 functions/roles of the nervous system do children with ASD have difficulty with?

A

Integrator

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19
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

I – Olfactory

II – Optic

III – Oculomotor

IV – Trochlear

V – Trigeminal

VI – Abducens

VII – Facial

VIII – Vestibulocochlear

IX – Glossopharyngeal

X – Vagus *

XI – Accessory

XII - Hypoglossal

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20
Q

T/F: The cranial nerves leave and enter the brainstem?

A

True

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21
Q

Which cranial nerves are brain direct?

A

I - Olfactory

II - Optic

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22
Q

Most cranial nerves are _______ or ________

A

Sensory or Motor, but some are mixed

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23
Q

What are the cranial nerves that are mixed?

A

V – Trigeminal

VII – Facial

IX – Glossopharyngeal

X – Vagus *

XI – Accessory

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24
Q

What nerves exit through the spinal nerve ganglia?

A

Spinal nerves

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25
Q

What type of nerves are spinal nerves? (sensory, motor, mixed)

A

They tend to be mixed

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26
Q

What are the functional divisions of PNS?

A
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

- Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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27
Q

What is Autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

o Unconscious NS

o Digestion, heart-rate, BP, breathing

o Sympathetic ANS speeds us up

o Parasympathetic ANS slows us down

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28
Q

What is Somatic nervous system (SNS)?

A

We care about this one!

o “On purpose NS” → Muscle movement you mean to make

o Does convey conscious and unconscious

o Motor control of the voluntary skeletal muscles

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29
Q

T/F: The brain is mostly made up of white matter?

A

False, mostly made up of grey matter

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30
Q

What is the largest matter in the brain and was is it designed to do?

A
  • Grey matter

- Designed to reach many cells in an interaction, an area of cells

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31
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A
  • Unmyelinated neurons & axons (mostly unmylinated)

- Think of it as→ electric wiring without the insulation

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32
Q

Describe neurons….

A

o Basic building block, they are the functioning, thinking, reacting, “sending messages on” part of the brain

o Nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles

o Have many dendrites, but only 1 axon. This means we can take in a lot of information but only put out so much

o Function, receive, transmit, synthesis information

o Synthesis → we don’t understand

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33
Q

What does neurons consist of?

A

cell body

dendrites

single axon

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34
Q

What two functions of the nervous system are important for neurons?

A

The sensory and integrator aspect is so important for Neurons.

Dendrites, & axon → Cell will gather a lot of info but selectively pass it on

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35
Q

Describe dendrites…

A

o Dendrites are a part of the cell body, they are short, fat, a lot of protrusions called, “dendritic spines”

o Have many branches, but an axon only has few. This means that dendrites can take in a lot of info but the axon can only put off so much

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36
Q

What is the brain?…

A

PATTERN SEEKER!!

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37
Q

T/F: Throughout our lives we are able to grow more neurons.

A

False, we are born with # of neurons we will always have

38
Q

What happens to our brain when we reach puberty?

A

The brain prunes the dendrite development; it gets ride of little used pathways and maintains the frequently used pathways

Massive brain change → brain prunes dendrite dev. & gets rid of little used pathways and maintains the fast pathways

Settles into patterns

39
Q

What is pruning?

A

Combo of dendrites losing spines – pruning of the brain at puberty & occasionally neurons dying off

40
Q

T/F: Dendritic spines handles the incoming information?

A

True

41
Q

Faulty dendritic spines can be linked to ___________________?

A

Intellectual disability

42
Q

T/F: Dendritic spines are the site of synapses that are selectively modified as a consequence of learning?

A

true

43
Q

What are axons job?

A
  • Outgoing information
  • Structure that interacts at the synapse
  • Actively sending and transmitting messages to other neurons through the terminal bouton
44
Q

T/F: White matter is mylinated?

A

True

45
Q

What type of neurons move info faster and more direct from one place to another

A

Mylinated

46
Q

What does a denture synapse with?

A

Axons and other dendritic spines

47
Q

What does an axon synapse with?

A

dendrites only

48
Q

What are terminal boutons?

A
  • Axon through the terminal bouton is sending electrochemical message across the synapse
  • This is why we are our chemistry & hormones
  • End of the Axons contain multiple vesicles (storage sites) for neurotransmitters between the end of one axon dendrite of another
49
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

o “Chemical soup that govern everything we think and do”

50
Q

What are glia cells?

A
  • Structural cells
  • Holding neurons together
  • Gliablastoma = Cancer, these cells overpopulate; like any other cancer cell they go crazy!
  • High in fat (lipid content)
51
Q

Glia cells: What are the non-neural cells?

A

o Astrocytes

o Dendrocytes

o Microglia

  • They support and protect
52
Q

What are white matter pathways?

A

• Bundles of fibers that travel through the CNS

53
Q

What are the different types of white matter pathways?

A
  • Fascicles: Individual fiber; It is a axon
  • Fasciculus: Bundle of fibers
  • Funiculus: Bundle of fasciculus
• Big white matter pathways → “Super Highways”; Pathway to get info. from one area of brain to another area of the brain
      o Brachium
      o Capsule
      o Column
      o Tract
      o Peduncl
      o Lemniscus
54
Q

How does the brain develop embryologically?

A
  • Like lumps
  • Rule of 3’s:
    o Hindbrain → Brain stem
    o Midbrain → Massive collection of white matter pathways that carry information from the body up to the forebrain
    o Forebrain → Cerebrum
55
Q

What are the terms when referring to the brain?

A

Embryological brain

Mature brain; meaning fully formed brain (not an adult brain)

56
Q

*** KNOW THE PICTURE FOR EMBRYOLOGICAL BRAIN – COULD BE ON THE TEST **

A

.

57
Q

When in the womb, when does the brain start to become more recognizable?

A

7 months old

58
Q

What type of changing begins to happen throughout our lives?

A

pruning

59
Q

Why is encephalon an important part of the embryological brain?

A

This division is important because the delineate function for the rest of our lives

60
Q

What does encephalitis mean?

A

swelling of the brain within the skull

61
Q

What does encephalon mean?

A

within the skull

62
Q

What is Rhombencephalon?

A
  • oldest brain, lizard brain, hind brain, brainstem
  • Regulates our most basic functions: temperature, breathing, & heart rate
  • Also regulates alertness and reflex
  • Not voluntary planning or executing, just movement
63
Q

What is mesencephalon?

A
  • Midbrain

- Massive white matter connection between brainstem and rest of the body & the cerebrum

64
Q

What is prosencephalon?

A

newest brain, forebrain, cerebrum, cerebral cortex

65
Q

What are the 6 different lobes?

A

o Frontal lobe: Primarily thinking and reasoning but also motor

o Parietal: Primarily sensory

o Occipital: Devoted to vision

o Temporal: Devoted to hearing and interpretation

o Limbic Lobe: “Made-up construct”; it’s a contruct of what turned out to be older brain structures; not as old as hindbrain, but older structures in the brain that govern emotion & memory

o Insular Lobe: Internal structure & find it by lifting up the temporal lobe

66
Q

What is the Spinothalamic tract?

A

Spine to the thalamus

67
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

o “Intercom system”; relay station, all incoming information comes through the thalamus & then directs it on
• Incoming information AKA Afferent info.

o Carries pain, temp, touch & pressure = different kinds of sensory information

68
Q

T/F: Grey and white matter are reversed in the spinal column?

A

True!

o Grey matter on inside (slowest pathways)

o White matter on the outside (fastest pathways)

69
Q

Why is it important that incoming information cross?

A
  • Because of the contralateral nature of our bodies

- The fibers cross midline

70
Q

What is a critical point when the fibers cross at the midline?

A

Contralateral organization: If you see symptoms on the left side of the body know the damage was in the right side of the brain

71
Q

What is the point of fiber decussation?

A

point of incoming information; info went right across the CNS and went right up

72
Q

What is another major pathway?

A

Posterior column-medial lemniscus

73
Q

What is the Posterior column-medial lemniscus?

A

• Comes to other columns in the ispilateral hemisphere; comes up the pathways to the thalamus
o Known as “Association Fibers”
o This info also processed to the same cortical area in the contralateral hemisphere = commissural fibers that pass through the corpus collolsum

  • Tactile, proprioceptive
  • Fibers cross at midline
  • Efferent fibers → Leaving; “going out of”

• Afferent → going to other columns within the ipsilateral hemisphere
o Comes up the pathway to the thalamus

74
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A ridge

75
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Depressions that are involutions

76
Q

What is the sulcus’ job?

A

divide the cortex into lobes

77
Q

What is the fissure of Rolando?

A

Fissure that separates frontal and parietal lobes

78
Q

What is the sylvan fissure?

A

AKA “Lateral sulcus”

It separates frontal and temporal lobes

79
Q

What is the longitudinal fissures job?

A

Left from right

80
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

Separating occipital cortex from parietal cortex

81
Q

What is the Cingulate Sulcus?

A

Cortex matter that wraps the limbic lobe
o Cingulate sulcus is above the cingulate gyrus
o Above the cingulate gyrus & rings the corpus collosum
o Above the cingulate gyrus is frontal lobe and parietal

82
Q

What are the 4 important gyro for speech?

A

Precentral gyrus:
o Primary motor cortex
o Frontal lobe → Largest Lobe
o Brodmann’s area #4

Superior gyrus: or first middle gyrus - Brodmann’s area 9, 10, 11
o Prefrontal cortex
o Newest brain
o Human intelligence → executive functioning
• Dissolve in alcohol
• Lesions present with normal intelligence and memory, but disinhibited speech and behavior → changed personality is possible

Middle Gyrus

Inferior Gyrus: broca’s area

83
Q

What are two Important landmarks in the brain?

A

• Brodmann’s area 6
o Refining gross body movement; hands, legs, standing on toes
o Supplementary area; premotor area

• Brodmann’s area 8
o Motor association area
o Conjugate eye movement –
o Entire area of the brain to make sure eyes move together

84
Q

The organization of the brain: what are the 3 areas?

A
  • Primary, secondary, & tertiary areas
  • Secondary & Tertiary areas – interpretation or refine
  • Primary – motor (move) or sensory (felt something)
85
Q

What can damage to the motor strip cause?

A

Paralysis or paresis

86
Q

Describe the Parietal lobe

A

— sensory lobe!

• Damage leads to visuospatial problems, especially to the right side; brains are organized virtually the same
o Memory, inattention, confusion, neglect of contralateral side of the body

• Post-central gyrus
o Primary sensory/somatosensory cortex
o 1, 2, 3 Receive somatic senstory data – voluntary muscle movement
o all incoming data comes through the thalamus
o Association areas – 1, 2, 3 – 5, 7,

• Angular gyrus
o 39, parietal, occipital, and temporal
o Sight, hearing, tough
o Center of integration for all those modalities

• Supramarginal gyrus
o Association areas for primary sensory → 5, 7, 43
o Touch, somatosensory

87
Q

Describe the temporal lobe/

A

→ inferior to the sylvian fissure

• 3 important gyrus
o Brodmann’s areas 41 & 41 – primary auditory
o Brodmann’s area 22 = association auditory interpretation; comprehension

• Superior gyrus
o Primary auditory cortex

  • Middle gyrus
  • Inferior gyrus
  • Planum temporale
88
Q

Describe the occipital lobe.

A

• Primary visual cortex = 17

• Association – 18 & 19
o 18 = visual interpretation
o 19 = following movements

• Calcarine Fissure
o Upper and lower segments
o Eyes perceives images upside down because lense = convex
o Occipital lobe = lower quadrants of vision

  • Lingual gyrus
  • Cuneate gyrus
89
Q

What does the insular lobe contain?

A

Circular sulcus

90
Q

Decsribe the limbic lobe.

A

• Central structures that make up the emotional or visceral brain; appeared early in the first human types

• Contains,,
o Cingulate gyrus
o Amygdala → pragmatics & social appropriateness

• What pop has abnormal Amygdala? → ASD
o Hippocampus → memory & listening

• Has a real tie to sensory memory: Remembers smells and remember memories that go along with that smell
o Parahippocampal gyrus
o Uncus
o Subcallosal gyrus

91
Q

Describe the cerebellum.

A
  • Damage = ataxia of movement
  • Dorsal to the pons (midbrain) and medulla, separate from the cerebral hemisphere
  • Contributes to maintenance of equilibrium and coordination of motor by modifying, refining cortical motor functions
  • Links to: motor cortex, basal ganglia, and spinal cord; modifies tone (strength), speed, and range of motion
  • Grey matter, white matter pathways on the inside
  • Lobes, fissures
  • Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
  • Afferent info, Efferent info
92
Q

What are the midbrain structures?

A
  • Point of decussation → Efferent & Afferent
  • Incoming info can decussate anywhere
  • Outgoing – lowest point of Decussation
  • Injury – brainstem = devastating to brain function

Spring '14-127 Neuro, Brain Matter & Cerebral Cortex Outline (1 decks)

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