Neuro, Brain Matter, & Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
1
Q
All behavior is __________ & ______________.
A
Neurological & it is what we can observe (language, movement, speech, facial expressions, etc.)
2
Q
In 1860’s what did Broca & Wernicke notice?
A
That specific areas of the brain, when injured, resulted in specific deficits and specific behaviors
3
Q
Name one rule of neuro.
A
Doesn’t matter if your left or right-handed, gender, or culture our brains are all mapped out the same way
4
Q
Behavioral symptomology and lesion sites are _______.
A
Predictable
5
Q
What is Wernicke’s area for?
A
Language
6
Q
What is Broca’s for?
A
Speech; it is the motor-strip
7
Q
Neuroscience includes what two things?
A
- Neuroanatomy
- Neurophysiology
8
Q
What does neuroscience focus on?
A
the brain and CNS
9
Q
What type of division is there between the CNS & PNS?
A
Anatomical division
10
Q
What is the CNS comprised of?
A
brain
brain stem
spinal cord
11
Q
What is the PNS comprised of?
A
Everything else :); Nerves that exit the cranium & spinal column
12
Q
How many cranial nerves are there?
A
12
13
Q
How many spinal nerves are there?
A
31
14
Q
What are cervical nerves used for?
A
Breathing control
15
Q
Virtually everything in our body……
A
comes in pairs
16
Q
Describe the 4 functions/roles of the nervous system?
A
- Sensor: This is how we perceive and understand the world we live in; it is the incoming info from our body
- Motor: “effector”; it moves us, it creates behavior,
- Integrator: Processing facial expressions, tone of voice, etc
- Regulator: This is the brain stem; dealing with temp., BP, heart rate
17
Q
Which of the 4 functions/roles of the nervous system are the most important?
A
Sensor
18
Q
Which of the 4 functions/roles of the nervous system do children with ASD have difficulty with?
A
Integrator
19
Q
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
A
I – Olfactory
II – Optic
III – Oculomotor
IV – Trochlear
V – Trigeminal
VI – Abducens
VII – Facial
VIII – Vestibulocochlear
IX – Glossopharyngeal
X – Vagus *
XI – Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal
20
Q
T/F: The cranial nerves leave and enter the brainstem?
A
True
21
Q
Which cranial nerves are brain direct?
A
I - Olfactory
II - Optic
22
Q
Most cranial nerves are _______ or ________
A
Sensory or Motor, but some are mixed
23
Q
What are the cranial nerves that are mixed?
A
V – Trigeminal
VII – Facial
IX – Glossopharyngeal
X – Vagus *
XI – Accessory
24
Q
What nerves exit through the spinal nerve ganglia?
A
Spinal nerves
25
What type of nerves are spinal nerves? (sensory, motor, mixed)
They tend to be mixed
26
What are the functional divisions of PNS?
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
| - Somatic nervous system (SNS)
27
What is Autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
o Unconscious NS
o Digestion, heart-rate, BP, breathing
o Sympathetic ANS speeds us up
o Parasympathetic ANS slows us down
28
What is Somatic nervous system (SNS)?
We care about this one!
o “On purpose NS” → Muscle movement you mean to make
o Does convey conscious and unconscious
o Motor control of the voluntary skeletal muscles
29
T/F: The brain is mostly made up of white matter?
False, mostly made up of grey matter
30
What is the largest matter in the brain and was is it designed to do?
- Grey matter
| - Designed to reach many cells in an interaction, an area of cells
31
What is grey matter made up of?
- Unmyelinated neurons & axons (mostly unmylinated)
| - Think of it as→ electric wiring without the insulation
32
Describe neurons....
o Basic building block, they are the functioning, thinking, reacting, “sending messages on” part of the brain
o Nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles
o Have many dendrites, but only 1 axon. This means we can take in a lot of information but only put out so much
o Function, receive, transmit, synthesis information
o Synthesis → we don’t understand
33
What does neurons consist of?
cell body
dendrites
single axon
34
What two functions of the nervous system are important for neurons?
The sensory and integrator aspect is so important for Neurons.
Dendrites, & axon → Cell will gather a lot of info but selectively pass it on
35
Describe dendrites...
o Dendrites are a part of the cell body, they are short, fat, a lot of protrusions called, “dendritic spines”
o Have many branches, but an axon only has few. This means that dendrites can take in a lot of info but the axon can only put off so much
36
What is the brain?...
PATTERN SEEKER!!
37
T/F: Throughout our lives we are able to grow more neurons.
False, we are born with # of neurons we will always have
38
What happens to our brain when we reach puberty?
The brain prunes the dendrite development; it gets ride of little used pathways and maintains the frequently used pathways
Massive brain change → brain prunes dendrite dev. & gets rid of little used pathways and maintains the fast pathways
Settles into patterns
39
What is pruning?
Combo of dendrites losing spines – pruning of the brain at puberty & occasionally neurons dying off
40
T/F: Dendritic spines handles the incoming information?
True
41
Faulty dendritic spines can be linked to ___________________?
Intellectual disability
42
T/F: Dendritic spines are the site of synapses that are selectively modified as a consequence of learning?
true
43
What are axons job?
* Outgoing information
* Structure that interacts at the synapse
* Actively sending and transmitting messages to other neurons through the terminal bouton
44
T/F: White matter is mylinated?
True
45
What type of neurons move info faster and more direct from one place to another
Mylinated
46
What does a denture synapse with?
Axons and other dendritic spines
47
What does an axon synapse with?
dendrites only
48
What are terminal boutons?
- Axon through the terminal bouton is sending electrochemical message across the synapse
- This is why we are our chemistry & hormones
- End of the Axons contain multiple vesicles (storage sites) for neurotransmitters between the end of one axon dendrite of another
49
What are neurotransmitters?
o "Chemical soup that govern everything we think and do"
50
What are glia cells?
- Structural cells
- Holding neurons together
- Gliablastoma = Cancer, these cells overpopulate; like any other cancer cell they go crazy!
- High in fat (lipid content)
51
Glia cells: What are the non-neural cells?
o Astrocytes
o Dendrocytes
o Microglia
- They support and protect
52
What are white matter pathways?
• Bundles of fibers that travel through the CNS
53
What are the different types of white matter pathways?
* Fascicles: Individual fiber; It is a axon
* Fasciculus: Bundle of fibers
* Funiculus: Bundle of fasciculus
```
• Big white matter pathways → “Super Highways”; Pathway to get info. from one area of brain to another area of the brain
o Brachium
o Capsule
o Column
o Tract
o Peduncl
o Lemniscus
```
54
How does the brain develop embryologically?
- Like lumps
- Rule of 3's:
o Hindbrain → Brain stem
o Midbrain → Massive collection of white matter pathways that carry information from the body up to the forebrain
o Forebrain → Cerebrum
55
What are the terms when referring to the brain?
Embryological brain
Mature brain; meaning fully formed brain (not an adult brain)
56
*** KNOW THE PICTURE FOR EMBRYOLOGICAL BRAIN -- COULD BE ON THE TEST ****
.
57
When in the womb, when does the brain start to become more recognizable?
7 months old
58
What type of changing begins to happen throughout our lives?
pruning
59
Why is encephalon an important part of the embryological brain?
This division is important because the delineate function for the rest of our lives
60
What does encephalitis mean?
swelling of the brain within the skull
61
What does encephalon mean?
within the skull
62
What is Rhombencephalon?
- oldest brain, lizard brain, hind brain, brainstem
- Regulates our most basic functions: temperature, breathing, & heart rate
- Also regulates alertness and reflex
- Not voluntary planning or executing, just movement
63
What is mesencephalon?
- Midbrain
| - Massive white matter connection between brainstem and rest of the body & the cerebrum
64
What is prosencephalon?
newest brain, forebrain, cerebrum, cerebral cortex
65
What are the 6 different lobes?
o Frontal lobe: Primarily thinking and reasoning but also motor
o Parietal: Primarily sensory
o Occipital: Devoted to vision
o Temporal: Devoted to hearing and interpretation
o Limbic Lobe: “Made-up construct”; it’s a contruct of what turned out to be older brain structures; not as old as hindbrain, but older structures in the brain that govern emotion & memory
o Insular Lobe: Internal structure & find it by lifting up the temporal lobe
66
What is the Spinothalamic tract?
Spine to the thalamus
67
What is the thalamus?
o “Intercom system”; relay station, all incoming information comes through the thalamus & then directs it on
• Incoming information AKA Afferent info.
o Carries pain, temp, touch & pressure = different kinds of sensory information
68
T/F: Grey and white matter are reversed in the spinal column?
True!
o Grey matter on inside (slowest pathways)
o White matter on the outside (fastest pathways)
69
Why is it important that incoming information cross?
- Because of the contralateral nature of our bodies
| - The fibers cross midline
70
What is a critical point when the fibers cross at the midline?
Contralateral organization: If you see symptoms on the left side of the body know the damage was in the right side of the brain
71
What is the point of fiber decussation?
point of incoming information; info went right across the CNS and went right up
72
What is another major pathway?
Posterior column-medial lemniscus
73
What is the Posterior column-medial lemniscus?
• Comes to other columns in the ispilateral hemisphere; comes up the pathways to the thalamus
o Known as “Association Fibers”
o This info also processed to the same cortical area in the contralateral hemisphere = commissural fibers that pass through the corpus collolsum
* Tactile, proprioceptive
* Fibers cross at midline
* Efferent fibers → Leaving; “going out of”
• Afferent → going to other columns within the ipsilateral hemisphere
o Comes up the pathway to the thalamus
74
What is a gyrus?
A ridge
75
What is a sulcus?
Depressions that are involutions
76
What is the sulcus' job?
divide the cortex into lobes
77
What is the fissure of Rolando?
Fissure that separates frontal and parietal lobes
78
What is the sylvan fissure?
AKA “Lateral sulcus”
It separates frontal and temporal lobes
79
What is the longitudinal fissures job?
Left from right
80
What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?
Separating occipital cortex from parietal cortex
81
What is the Cingulate Sulcus?
Cortex matter that wraps the limbic lobe
o Cingulate sulcus is above the cingulate gyrus
o Above the cingulate gyrus & rings the corpus collosum
o Above the cingulate gyrus is frontal lobe and parietal
82
What are the 4 important gyro for speech?
Precentral gyrus:
o Primary motor cortex
o Frontal lobe → Largest Lobe
o Brodmann’s area #4
Superior gyrus: or first middle gyrus - Brodmann’s area 9, 10, 11
o Prefrontal cortex
o Newest brain
o Human intelligence → executive functioning
• Dissolve in alcohol
• Lesions present with normal intelligence and memory, but disinhibited speech and behavior → changed personality is possible
Middle Gyrus
Inferior Gyrus: broca's area
83
What are two Important landmarks in the brain?
• Brodmann’s area 6
o Refining gross body movement; hands, legs, standing on toes
o Supplementary area; premotor area
• Brodmann’s area 8
o Motor association area
o Conjugate eye movement –
o Entire area of the brain to make sure eyes move together
84
The organization of the brain: what are the 3 areas?
* Primary, secondary, & tertiary areas
* Secondary & Tertiary areas – interpretation or refine
* Primary – motor (move) or sensory (felt something)
85
What can damage to the motor strip cause?
Paralysis or paresis
86
Describe the Parietal lobe
--- sensory lobe!
• Damage leads to visuospatial problems, especially to the right side; brains are organized virtually the same
o Memory, inattention, confusion, neglect of contralateral side of the body
• Post-central gyrus
o Primary sensory/somatosensory cortex
o 1, 2, 3 Receive somatic senstory data – voluntary muscle movement
o all incoming data comes through the thalamus
o Association areas – 1, 2, 3 – 5, 7,
• Angular gyrus
o 39, parietal, occipital, and temporal
o Sight, hearing, tough
o Center of integration for all those modalities
• Supramarginal gyrus
o Association areas for primary sensory → 5, 7, 43
o Touch, somatosensory
87
Describe the temporal lobe/
→ inferior to the sylvian fissure
• 3 important gyrus
o Brodmann’s areas 41 & 41 – primary auditory
o Brodmann’s area 22 = association auditory interpretation; comprehension
• Superior gyrus
o Primary auditory cortex
* Middle gyrus
* Inferior gyrus
* Planum temporale
88
Describe the occipital lobe.
• Primary visual cortex = 17
• Association – 18 & 19
o 18 = visual interpretation
o 19 = following movements
• Calcarine Fissure
o Upper and lower segments
o Eyes perceives images upside down because lense = convex
o Occipital lobe = lower quadrants of vision
* Lingual gyrus
* Cuneate gyrus
89
What does the insular lobe contain?
Circular sulcus
90
Decsribe the limbic lobe.
• Central structures that make up the emotional or visceral brain; appeared early in the first human types
• Contains,,
o Cingulate gyrus
o Amygdala → pragmatics & social appropriateness
• What pop has abnormal Amygdala? → ASD
o Hippocampus → memory & listening
• Has a real tie to sensory memory: Remembers smells and remember memories that go along with that smell
o Parahippocampal gyrus
o Uncus
o Subcallosal gyrus
91
Describe the cerebellum.
* Damage = ataxia of movement
* Dorsal to the pons (midbrain) and medulla, separate from the cerebral hemisphere
* Contributes to maintenance of equilibrium and coordination of motor by modifying, refining cortical motor functions
* Links to: motor cortex, basal ganglia, and spinal cord; modifies tone (strength), speed, and range of motion
* Grey matter, white matter pathways on the inside
* Lobes, fissures
* Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
* Afferent info, Efferent info
92
What are the midbrain structures?
* Point of decussation → Efferent & Afferent
* Incoming info can decussate anywhere
* Outgoing – lowest point of Decussation
* Injury – brainstem = devastating to brain function
