Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 5 - Neuro > Neuro Big Ideas > Flashcards

Neuro Big Ideas Flashcards

1
Q

cognition - behaviorism

A

old theory, sensory input -> brain -> behavioral output, could only measure sensory input and behavioral output until 1950

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cognition - more recent

A

internal life (preception, attention, memory, language, emotion, planning, consciousness), integration of information to make perceptual whole, guides appropriate behaviors (goals, socially), also between stimulus and response (attention, recognition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

default network

A

parts of brain active when not doing anything, day dreaming, autobio memories, envisioning, moral, balanced with task positive network - default disturbed with depression, OCD, shizo (trouble switching to active), autism (default less active)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

active network

A

parts of brain active when doing specific task, balanced with default network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cortical association cortex

A

not primary cortex, integrates sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

unimodal association cortex

A

integrates information from one sensory modality; includes premotor, somatosensory association, visual association, and auditory association cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

multimodal association cortex

A

integrates information across sensory modalitites and from other sources (memory, emotion); includes lateral temporal, prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

association cortex info flow

A

hierarchy of projections allows appropriate behavioral response, primary sensory cortex -> unimodal -> multimodal -> premotor cortex -> motor cortex, also extensive feedback projections between cortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

neocortex

A

newest, 6 layers - defined by type of neurons and density, layers differ based on function of cortex area, Brodmann used variation in cortical cytoarchitecture to ID regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary visual cortex layers

A

thinner overall, thicker layer 4 with spiny stellate cells that gets input from thalamus and primary visual cortex needs a lot of input from thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary motor cortex layers

A

thicker overall, thicker layer 3 and 5, layer 5 projects subcortically which is important in motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

spiny stellate neuron

A

excitatory neurons found in layer 4 of cortex, receive sensory from sensory and multimodal thalamic nuclei, important in primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pyramidal cell

A

excitatory neuron in cortex, pyramidal cell body, bid apical dendrite, picked up on EEG, part of output from layer 5 of primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

input to primary sensory cortex

A

sensory thalamic nuclei to spiny stellate cells in layer 4 of cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sensory thalamic nuclei

A

ventral posterior lateral, ventral posterior medial, lateral geniculate, medial geniculate - send messges to layer 4 spiny stellate cells of cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus

A

somatosensory from body to medial lemniscus to primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus

A

somatosensory from face to primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

visual retinal input to primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

auditory cochlea input to cochlear nuclei to primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mutlimodal thalamic nuclei

A

pulvinar, medial dorsal, lateral posterior, anterior - send messages to layer 4 spiny stellate cells of cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pulvinar thalamic nuclei

A

multimodal, input - association cortices and superior colliculus (visual), output - parietotemporal and visual association cortices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

A

multimodal, input - superior colliculus (visual), olfactory cortex, amygdala, ventral pallidum; output - frontal eye fields and anterior cingulate cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lateral thalamic nuclei

A

multimodal, input - association cortices, anterior cingulate cortex, retina; output - parietal and visual association cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

anterior thalamic nuclei

A

multimodal, input - hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate, output - posterior cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

receives some input to layers 1, 2, 3, and 5 as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

association cortex

A

receives a lot of input to laters 1, 2, 3, and 5 as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

sensory and association cortex output

A

primarily from layers 2, 3, 5, and 6, 2 and 3 output to other cortical areas, 5 output to thalamus and subcortex (basal ganglia, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord), 6 output to thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cortical cortical connection

A

from one place in cortex to another place in cortex in same hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

callosal connection

A

from one place in cortex to another place in cortex of opposite hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

modulatory cortex input

A

from thalamus to layer 1, from brainstem (serotonin, NE, DA, ACh) to layers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

association cortex function

A

integrates different inputs, mediate between sensory input and appropriate behavioral output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

parietal cortex functions

A

visual attention, localization, spatial relationships, motor programs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

limbic cortex functions

A

emotion and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

temporal cortex functions

A

recognition and object identification, language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

frontal cortex functions

A

planning and decision making (executive), working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

nondominant posterior parietal association cortex

A

opposite language hemi (usually right), attention, visuospatial localization (searching or reaching for objects), spatial relationships (binding images into single image)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

dominant posterior parietal assocation cortex

A

same side as language area (usually left), skilled movement (tools), right-left orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

nondominant posterior parietal association cortex

A

selective attention, shut out other stimuli - gating, schizo have insufficient gating, neurons respond faster and more accurately if paying attention to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

selective attention

A

nondom posterior parietal cortex, tested by stroop test - ability to switch attention from one sensory input to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

stroop test

A

word for color, font in different color, have to say color of font, tests selective attention in nondom posterior parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

damage to nondom posterior parietal cortex

A

spatial neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

damage to dom posterior parietal cortex

A

motor apraxias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

spatial neglect

A

failure to acknowledge half the world, sensory intact, applies to body / enviro / memories / visualization - in about half right hemi strokes, ex: only draw half a picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

motor apraxia

A

left hemi strokes, loss of skilled motion, sensory and motor intact, includes ideomotor / orofacial / ideational apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

damage dom posterior parietal hem, affects gestures (waving) or tool using (utensils, toothbrush, broom, scissors, keys), test - ask pt to use tool (real or imaginary), may use hand in place of tool (= damage), pt may/may not perform action in daily life/be aware of deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

orofacial apraxia

A

damage dom posterior parietal hem, inability to make specific facial movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

ideational apraxia

A

damage to dom posterior parietal hem, inability to sequence actions (list steps to do something)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

dom superior temporal cortex

A

language, social attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

dom inferior temporal cortex

A

person/object recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

inferior temporal cortex

A

facial recognition, face neurons for face in full view, facial neurons for face in side view - reacts most to face most like our own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

face neurons

A

dom inferior temporal cortex, population coding for particular features - fire as a group to build image; also represent thing like bird in bird watchers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

agnosia

A

deficit in recognition, inability to recognize and identify objects, sensory intact, may involve damage to different areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces, bilateral lesion to inferior temporal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects by sight, can recognize with other senses, damage to unimodal primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

astereognosia

A

inability to recognize object by touch, can recognize with other senses, damage to unimodal primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

associative visual agnosia

A

can identify use but not name object, damage to posterior parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

finger agnosia

A

damage to angular gyrus of dom parietal cortex, can recognize own fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Gerstmann syndrome

A

damage to angular gyrus of dom parietal cortex, finger agnosia / acalculia / agraphia / right - left confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

prefrontal cortex functions

A

planning, decisions, purposeful action, sequence of behaviors over time, appropriate behaviors, working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

working memory

A

short term memory used while doing a task in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

prefrontal cortex damage

A

Phineas Gage, impulsiveness, inappropriate behavior, disordered thought, lack of planning, perseveration (repetition of behavior even after new info available), can’t use info to guide behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Wisconsin card sorting test

A

matching cards based on color and shapes, rules change during game, tests for damage prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

maturation of cortex

A

birth - distinct sensory / motor / prefrontal networks that are not intergrated and rudimentary default network; rapid development during first year; sensitive to damage from stressors during infancy; changes in synaptic density / myelination / gray matter thickness during development, increased myelinated pathways, decreased gray matter thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

maturation of cortex

A

no uniform, posterior to anterior, sensorimotor first, association areas, prefrontal/posterior parietal last, local connections before long-range connections, last area to mature degenerate first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

electroencephalogram EEG

A

noninvasive, measures brain activity using scalp electrodes, looks for excitatory and inhibitory cosynaptic potentials, electrodes in relation to each other, big dip = muscles, action potential in milliseconds, vertical scale - microvolts (smaller signal because signals cancel each other out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

eyes open EEG

A

more beta waves close to visual cortex, small, high freq waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

eyes closed on EEG

A

more alpha waves, higher magnitude, lower freq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

beta waves

A

12-30 Hz freq, 30 amps in microvolts, eyes open, active thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

alpha waves

A

8-12 Hz freq, 10-50 Amps microvolts, relaxed, eyes closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

theta waves

A

4-8 Hz freq, 50-100 Amp microvolts, drowsy, meditation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

delta waves

A

<4 Hz freq, 100-150 Amp microvolts, slow wave sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

generalized seizure on EEG

A

synchronized wave pattern across cortex, beta waves switching to alpha waves?, absence seizure with loss of consciousness and little motor activity, waves from thalamocortical circuits modulatory input to cortex layer 1

73
Q

partial complex seizure on EEG

A

starts at focus and spreads, specific first motor symptom, altered consciousness, beta waves switching to alpha waves

74
Q

REM sleep EEG waves

A

sawtooth waves in bursts, most resembles awake state

75
Q

stage 1 sleep EEG waves

A

4-7 Hz theta waves

76
Q

stage 2 sleep EEG waves

A

12-14 Hz sleep spindles and K-complexes

77
Q

stage 3 sleep EEG waves

A

<4 Hz high amplitude delta waves

78
Q

stage 4 sleep EEG waves

A

50% <4Hz high amplitude delta waves

79
Q

beta waves

A

15-18 Hz, waking more intense mental activity

80
Q

alpha waves

A

8-12 Hz, during wake, relaxed state

81
Q

patient confidentiality

A

over 18, can’t tell parents anything, implied consent to person bringing pt to ER, ask pt for permission to tell others, person bringing pt in can tell family

82
Q

patient independence

A

if active suicide threat, can hold pt for 72 hrs

83
Q

patient and threats

A

dr. obligated to break confidentiality if clear and present threat toward another person, tell person threat is toward

84
Q

CNS processing of sensory info

A

ascending and descending, includes series / parallel, convergence / divergence, centrifugal / non-sensory modulation - can have very different signals arriving at the cortex compared to what arrive at a receptor

85
Q

sensory preception steps

A

transduction (unique to each sensory system), transmission (getting info to the cortex), processing and perception

86
Q

series processing of sensory info

A

1st order neuron stimulated -> 2nd order neuron stimulated -> 3rd order neuron stimulated - labeled line transmission

87
Q

parallel processing of sensory info

A

1st order neuron stimulated -> divergence onto two 2nd order neurons

88
Q

convergent processing of sensory info

A

two neurons synapse on one neuron, happens within one sensory modality and across sensory modalities, ex: visual and auditory info to superior colliculus, ex: gate theory of pain with mechano and nociceptors onto one neuron

89
Q

decending messages

A

exhibit control of ascending sensory information - can be all the way to the receptor level

90
Q

perception

A

due to modulation of sensory info, what you see is not what you get; receptor sensation is not what cortex perceives, can even change min to min because cortex decides what it wants to perceive

91
Q

selective attention

A

higher order brain centers in cortex modify how sensitive receptors are, ex: don’t notice sounds around you unless paying attention to them, can happen across entire system or in part of it (filtering)

92
Q

factors that influence perception

A
  1. type of receptors, 2. functional receptors, 3. receptor mechanisms (threshold, adaptation), 4 selective attention, 5. emotions/experiences, 6. drugs
93
Q

ganglion cells

A

in the eye, provide an example of sensory information processing, contrasting enhanced by lateral inhibition from amacrine cells, on-center and off-center ganglion cells - output of retina has undergone processing before leaving the eye - response is different from that of photoreceptors

94
Q

on-center ganglion cells

A

stimulated by bright light in center of receptive field and inhibited by stimuli to the surround

95
Q

off-center ganglion cells

A

stimulated by surrounding stimuli, inhibited by on center stimuli

96
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to specific wavelength of light (both rods and cones), circular perceptive field, hyperpolarized by light, generate graded potentials

97
Q

ganglion cells

A

generate action potentials, axons form optic nerve, exhibit lateral inhibition from amacrine cells which gives them complex receptive fields

98
Q

ganglion cell inhibition due to color / wavelength of light

A

increased in response to blue light in center of perceptive field, decreased in response to red in center of perceptive field, weak in response to white light in center of perceptive field - due to lateral inhibition actually shutting off the response to other kinds of light

99
Q

ganglion cells receptive fields

A

circle within a circle, ON cells, OFF cells, respond depending on location of light - generates definitive response to contrast

100
Q

ON cells

A

ganglion cells, depolarized to light in the center of the perceptive field, hyperpolarize when light is off in center of perceptive field

101
Q

OFF cells

A

ganglion cells, depolarized by bright light in surround of perceptive field, hyperpolarize to brighter light in center of perceptive field

102
Q

bipolar cells

A

turns hyperpolarization of photoreceptors into depolarization at ganglion cell, some do not change the signal (none in photoreceptor = none in ganglion cell), some flip the response (none in photo receptor = some in gangion cells, some in photoreceptor = none in ganglion cell)

103
Q

visual cortex

A

retinal puts signal back together by rebuilding particular features

104
Q

organization of primary visual cortex

A

ocular dominance - alternating left and right eye sections horizontally that allow for depth perception, vertical orientation columns give edges and motion, color in blob regions

105
Q

ganglion cell output to primary visual cortex parts

A

simlpe ganglion cells -> converge -> lateral geniculate nucleus cells -> complex single cell that responds to a specific pattern (ex: respond to vertical surface moving in particular direction) - gives respresentation of world in horizontal and vertical lines with particular motion

106
Q

visual homunculus

A

inputs from fovea relatively greater than periphery at posterior of primary visual field, separate maps for each visual field are merged to form single perceptual map of visual space

107
Q

ocular dominance

A

cortical cells extract depth cues (stereopsis) based on disparity in images from each eye, done by convergence of input from ocular columns

108
Q

visual perception learning

A

brain learns what signals mean with repetition, ex: certain pattern of cell activity means an object is near / far away, very important to have images aligned during development or could have problems - optical illusions break these rules

109
Q

strabismus

A

muscle imbalance that results in misalignment of visual axes, causes diplopia after 6 months of age, can lead to permanent suppression of image in weaker eye (amblyopia) - this can compromise depth perception

110
Q

color perception

A

blue - short, green - medium, red - long, pigments overlap leading to patterns of signals (channels), associate color with pattern of photoreceptor activity, different people have different patterns but learn to associate pattern with color

111
Q

luminescence / contrast

A

long and medium wavelengths, encoded by green and red cones and rods

112
Q

perceived red / green differences

A

ratio between long and medium wavelengths

113
Q

perceived blue / yellow differences

A

short wavelength - (long wavelength + medium wavelength); blue - (red + green)

114
Q

acuity in different channels

A

due to different receptive field sizes in cones, 80% of ganglion cells encode red / green (long / medium)

115
Q

red green color blindness

A

defect in ganglion cells that encode long / medium (red / green), 80% of ganglioncells in eye, impacts acuity and color perception

116
Q

output from visual cortex to other cortical areas

A

dorsal pathway to posterior parietal cortex determine where, ventral pathway to inferior temporal cortex determines what

117
Q

ventral stream

A

encodes color and form depending on acuity, from primary visual cortex to inferior temporal cortex, determines what something is, lesion - cortical achromatosia can’t see color / id things

118
Q

dorsal stream

A

from primary visual cortex to posterior parietal, encodes motion and depth, determines where something is, lesin - ideomotor apraxia can’t execute movements dependent on sight

119
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale scoring areas

A

eye opening response, verbal response, motor response - used with unresponsive pts, highest score 15, lowest score 3

120
Q

eye opening response on Glasgow Coma Scale

A

spont open with blinking (4 pts), open to verbal stimuli (3 pts), open to pain on face (2 pts), no response / no eye opening (1 pt)

121
Q

verbal response on Glasgow Coma Scale

A

oriented (5 pts), confused but answering (4 pts), inappropriate speech (3 pts), incomprehensible speech (2 pts), no speech / response (1 pt)

122
Q

motor response on Glasgow Coma Scale

A

obeys commands (6 pts), purposeful movement to pain (5 pts), withdrawals from pain (4 pts), flexion with pain / decorticate posture (3 pts), extension with pain / decerebrate posture (2 pts), no motor / response (1 pt)

123
Q

left brain language function

A

grammar and syntax

124
Q

right brain language function

A

prosody, emotional content of voice (tone)

125
Q

language regions of the brain

A

specialized for symbolic representation of communication, there are slight differences between languages regarding localization of brain language functions

126
Q

left sided damage

A

causes dysphagia - limited word speech

127
Q

bilateral frontal damage

A

causes aphagia - absolute loss of speech

128
Q

initiates the final pathway for speech

A

motor cortex, problems with speech can be a motor control problem

129
Q

plan of speech

A

make choice about what to say in frontal association cortex -> choice about words to use in Wernicke’s area -> arcuate fasciculuc -> broca’s area ->…..

130
Q

initiate speech

A

motor cortex -> nucleus ambiguus ->….

131
Q

execute speech

A

vagus nerve -> vocal cords (starting and stopping speech) + pharynx (vowels)

132
Q

if lanaguage is added to pathway

A

auditory input into Wernicke’s area, visual input into wernicke’s area, inferior parietal somatosensory input (gershwind’s territory) to Wernickes

133
Q

receptive aphasia/dysphagia

A

problem in wernicke’s area

134
Q

conductive aphasia/dysphagia

A

problem in arcuate fasciulus between wernicke’s and broca’s

135
Q

expressive aphasia/dysphagia

A

problem in Broca’s area

136
Q

problems with language comprehension and expression - global language aphasia/dysphagia

A

problems in wernicke’s, broca’s. motor cortex

137
Q

apraxia of speech

A

problem getting from brocas to motor cortex

138
Q

dysarthria - problem with motor act of speeking

A

problem getting from motor cortex to vagus to larynx and pharynx

139
Q

receptive dysphagia

A

problem with auditory / verbal comprehension - verbal expression and graphic expression are intact

140
Q

conductive dysphagia

A

problem with verbal expression

141
Q

expressive dysphagia

A

auditory / verbal comprehension intact, problem with verbal / graphic expression

142
Q

global aphasia

A

problem with auditory comprehension, verbal comprehension, verbal expression, and graphic expression

143
Q

history of alcohol

A

most used, causes most deaths, found in nature with ease, safest thing to drink before sanitation, produces positive mood state and has a stress relieving effect

144
Q

alcoholism

A

when drinking interferes with social and professional life

145
Q

absorption of alcohol

A

moves through membranes by diffusion by fixed first degree kinetics, function of conc gradient / surface area / surface thickness / lipid solubility

146
Q

factors that deterime blood alcohol level

A

gender (differece in total body water), age (total body water), ethnicity (enzymes), weight/BMI (total body water), hormone levels (elimination rate), drinking patterns (tolerance), type of alcohol (amount / strength), mixers (absoprtion), time to drink (blood alcohol conc), stomach content (rate of emptying)

147
Q

alcohol absorption

A

20% in stomach, 80% small intestine - primarily a function of surface area

148
Q

factors affecting gastric emptying

A

stomach contents (decreased with food), alcohol content (fastest 25-30%), tolerance (faster), autonominics (SNS slower, PNS faster), drugs, carbonated drinks (decrease)

149
Q

alcohol distribution

A

1-2 hrs, to tissues with high water - brain, heart, muscles

150
Q

alcohol elimination - less than 5% of alcohol

A

less that 5% of total intake, via sweat / transdermal in kidney and alveolar gas (breathalizers)

151
Q

minor alcohol elimination <5% of dose

A

excreted unchanged by first pass metabolism (what makes BAC females > males), gastric mucosa with small amount of alcohol dehydrogenase

152
Q

liver alcohol metabolism 90% of intake

A

alcohol -> alcohol dehydrogenase -> acetaldehyde -> aldehyde dehydrogenase -> acetate —- and mixed function oxidase system (MEOS) with cytochrome p450. 2e1, 1A2, 3A4

153
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A

turns ethanol into acetaldehyde with NAD to NADH

154
Q

aldehyde dehydrogenase

A

turns aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate with NAD to NADH

155
Q

mixed function oxidase system

A

turns ethanol into acetaldehyde with NADPH and O2 to NADP+ and H2O

156
Q

fomepizole

A

drug, blocks methanol poisoning by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase so methanol does not turn into formaldehyde

157
Q

disulfiram

A

drug, tx for alcoholism, inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde accumulates giving hangover like symptoms, must take a pill daily

158
Q

standard drink

A

14 grams of pure alcohol

159
Q

blood alcohol content and clinical effects

A

50-100 mg/Dl - sedation, slow reaction; 100-200mg/dL impaired motor, slurred speech, ataxia; 200-300mg/dl emesis, stupor; 300-400mg/dl coma; >400mg/dl resp depression, death; >80-100md/dl in adults and 5-20mg/dl in minors = DWI

160
Q

muscle effects of alcohol

A

depresses myocardial contractility, relaxes smooth muscle (hypothermia), relaxes uterus

161
Q

chronic alcohol consumption

A

diet effects, metabolic effects - 16

162
Q

chronic alcohol consumption pathology

A

liver - fatty liver to hepatitis to cirrhosis, GI - pancreatits, gastritis with protein and blood loss, soluble vit malabsorption

163
Q

chronic alcohol withdrawal

A

1-2 days anxiety, insomnia, tremor, palpitations, nausea, anorexia; 2-3 days withdrawal seizures, hallucinations; 4-8 delirium tremors, tachycardia, hypertension, low-grade fever, diaphoresis, agitation

164
Q

possible locations where alcohol effects CNS

A

opioid receptors, cannabinoid receptors, appetite regulators (neuropeptide Y, leptin, ghrelin)

165
Q

alcohol neurotoxicity

A

distal parathesias, gait disturbance, ataxia, dementia

166
Q

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

A

paralysis of external eye muscles, ataxia, confusion, thiamine deficiency + alcohol = korsakoff’s psychosis

167
Q

chronic alcohol and cardiovascular system

A

dilated cardiomypathy, arrhythmia, hypertension, coronary heart disease (possible protective at low doses)

168
Q

chronic alcohol and blood

A

alcohol + folic acid deficiency = mild anemia, alcohol + gastric bleeding = iron deficiency anemia

169
Q

chronic alcohol and endocrine system

A

steroid imbalance, electrolyte imbalance

170
Q

chronic alcohol and cancer

A

mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver - breat in women

171
Q

chronic alcohol and liver enzymes

A

induction of liver enzymes with toxic outcomes, increased p450 depressing drug effect, ex: acetaminophe with increased p450 -> liver toxic products

172
Q

feta alcohol syndrome

A

small head circum, failure to thrive, delayed development, organ malfunction, small eyes, flat cheeks, small philtrum, epilepsy, uncoordinated motor / fine motor, antisocial, lack of curiosity/imagination, learning problems, behavior disorders, low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, short nose, thin upper lip underdeveloped jaw

173
Q

right hemisphere

A

usually non-dominant hemisphere, right olfaction, left hand stereognosis, music, poetry, left ear hearing, 3-D spatial, left visual field, simple language comprehension, language prosody

174
Q

left hemisphere

A

usually dominant hemisphere, language syntax and grammar, motor of speech, left olfaction, right stereognosis, calculation, right visual field, right ear hearing

175
Q

T1 MRI

A

shows differences in gray and white matter, water of gray matter looks dark, fat of white matter appears light, good at looking for tumors - looks at protons in smaller molecules - often given with gadolinium contrast that can cross BBB in tumor vessels (careful is nephrotoxic)

176
Q

T2 MRI

A

fat looks darker, water looks lighter, looks for edema - looks at protons in larger molecules

177
Q

hypothryoid

A

can cause dementia like symptoms, is reversible - should also be very sensitive to the cold

178
Q

sound mind determination

A

make decisions, understands relevant information, appreciate consequences, use logic and reason, ask pt to restate/paraphrase - consult psychiatrist and mini mental status exam

179
Q

proxy choice

A

pt incapacitated with no advanced directive, gather family - familial heirarchy - family selects, proxy should be person who knows/will honor pt’s wishes - if none can be selected court appoints a guardian

Week 5 - Neuro (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions