Neuro Big Ideas Flashcards
1
Q
cognition - behaviorism
A
old theory, sensory input -> brain -> behavioral output, could only measure sensory input and behavioral output until 1950
2
Q
cognition - more recent
A
internal life (preception, attention, memory, language, emotion, planning, consciousness), integration of information to make perceptual whole, guides appropriate behaviors (goals, socially), also between stimulus and response (attention, recognition)
3
Q
default network
A
parts of brain active when not doing anything, day dreaming, autobio memories, envisioning, moral, balanced with task positive network - default disturbed with depression, OCD, shizo (trouble switching to active), autism (default less active)
4
Q
active network
A
parts of brain active when doing specific task, balanced with default network
5
Q
cortical association cortex
A
not primary cortex, integrates sensory information
6
Q
unimodal association cortex
A
integrates information from one sensory modality; includes premotor, somatosensory association, visual association, and auditory association cortex
7
Q
multimodal association cortex
A
integrates information across sensory modalitites and from other sources (memory, emotion); includes lateral temporal, prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortices
8
Q
association cortex info flow
A
hierarchy of projections allows appropriate behavioral response, primary sensory cortex -> unimodal -> multimodal -> premotor cortex -> motor cortex, also extensive feedback projections between cortical areas
9
Q
neocortex
A
newest, 6 layers - defined by type of neurons and density, layers differ based on function of cortex area, Brodmann used variation in cortical cytoarchitecture to ID regions
10
Q
primary visual cortex layers
A
thinner overall, thicker layer 4 with spiny stellate cells that gets input from thalamus and primary visual cortex needs a lot of input from thalamus
11
Q
primary motor cortex layers
A
thicker overall, thicker layer 3 and 5, layer 5 projects subcortically which is important in motor cortex
12
Q
spiny stellate neuron
A
excitatory neurons found in layer 4 of cortex, receive sensory from sensory and multimodal thalamic nuclei, important in primary visual cortex
13
Q
pyramidal cell
A
excitatory neuron in cortex, pyramidal cell body, bid apical dendrite, picked up on EEG, part of output from layer 5 of primary motor cortex
14
Q
input to primary sensory cortex
A
sensory thalamic nuclei to spiny stellate cells in layer 4 of cortex
15
Q
sensory thalamic nuclei
A
ventral posterior lateral, ventral posterior medial, lateral geniculate, medial geniculate - send messges to layer 4 spiny stellate cells of cortex
16
Q
ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus
A
somatosensory from body to medial lemniscus to primary somatosensory cortex
17
Q
ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus
A
somatosensory from face to primary somatosensory cortex
18
Q
lateral geniculate nucleus
A
visual retinal input to primary visual cortex
19
Q
medial geniculate nucleus
A
auditory cochlea input to cochlear nuclei to primary auditory cortex
20
Q
mutlimodal thalamic nuclei
A
pulvinar, medial dorsal, lateral posterior, anterior - send messages to layer 4 spiny stellate cells of cortex
21
Q
pulvinar thalamic nuclei
A
multimodal, input - association cortices and superior colliculus (visual), output - parietotemporal and visual association cortices
22
Q
medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
A
multimodal, input - superior colliculus (visual), olfactory cortex, amygdala, ventral pallidum; output - frontal eye fields and anterior cingulate cortex
23
Q
lateral thalamic nuclei
A
multimodal, input - association cortices, anterior cingulate cortex, retina; output - parietal and visual association cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum
24
Q
anterior thalamic nuclei
A
multimodal, input - hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate, output - posterior cingulate gyrus
25
primary sensory cortex
receives some input to layers 1, 2, 3, and 5 as well
26
association cortex
receives a lot of input to laters 1, 2, 3, and 5 as well
27
sensory and association cortex output
primarily from layers 2, 3, 5, and 6, 2 and 3 output to other cortical areas, 5 output to thalamus and subcortex (basal ganglia, midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord), 6 output to thalamus
28
cortical cortical connection
from one place in cortex to another place in cortex in same hemisphere
29
callosal connection
from one place in cortex to another place in cortex of opposite hemisphere
30
modulatory cortex input
from thalamus to layer 1, from brainstem (serotonin, NE, DA, ACh) to layers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
31
association cortex function
integrates different inputs, mediate between sensory input and appropriate behavioral output
32
parietal cortex functions
visual attention, localization, spatial relationships, motor programs
33
limbic cortex functions
emotion and memory
34
temporal cortex functions
recognition and object identification, language
35
frontal cortex functions
planning and decision making (executive), working memory
36
nondominant posterior parietal association cortex
opposite language hemi (usually right), attention, visuospatial localization (searching or reaching for objects), spatial relationships (binding images into single image)
37
dominant posterior parietal assocation cortex
same side as language area (usually left), skilled movement (tools), right-left orientation
38
nondominant posterior parietal association cortex
selective attention, shut out other stimuli - gating, schizo have insufficient gating, neurons respond faster and more accurately if paying attention to stimulus
39
selective attention
nondom posterior parietal cortex, tested by stroop test - ability to switch attention from one sensory input to another
40
stroop test
word for color, font in different color, have to say color of font, tests selective attention in nondom posterior parietal cortex
41
damage to nondom posterior parietal cortex
spatial neglect
42
damage to dom posterior parietal cortex
motor apraxias
43
spatial neglect
failure to acknowledge half the world, sensory intact, applies to body / enviro / memories / visualization - in about half right hemi strokes, ex: only draw half a picture
44
motor apraxia
left hemi strokes, loss of skilled motion, sensory and motor intact, includes ideomotor / orofacial / ideational apraxia
45
ideomotor apraxia
damage dom posterior parietal hem, affects gestures (waving) or tool using (utensils, toothbrush, broom, scissors, keys), test - ask pt to use tool (real or imaginary), may use hand in place of tool (= damage), pt may/may not perform action in daily life/be aware of deficit
46
orofacial apraxia
damage dom posterior parietal hem, inability to make specific facial movements
47
ideational apraxia
damage to dom posterior parietal hem, inability to sequence actions (list steps to do something)
48
dom superior temporal cortex
language, social attention
49
dom inferior temporal cortex
person/object recognition
50
inferior temporal cortex
facial recognition, face neurons for face in full view, facial neurons for face in side view - reacts most to face most like our own
51
face neurons
dom inferior temporal cortex, population coding for particular features - fire as a group to build image; also represent thing like bird in bird watchers
52
agnosia
deficit in recognition, inability to recognize and identify objects, sensory intact, may involve damage to different areas
53
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces, bilateral lesion to inferior temporal cortex
54
visual agnosia
inability to recognize objects by sight, can recognize with other senses, damage to unimodal primary visual cortex
55
astereognosia
inability to recognize object by touch, can recognize with other senses, damage to unimodal primary somatosensory cortex
56
associative visual agnosia
can identify use but not name object, damage to posterior parietal cortex
57
finger agnosia
damage to angular gyrus of dom parietal cortex, can recognize own fingers
58
Gerstmann syndrome
damage to angular gyrus of dom parietal cortex, finger agnosia / acalculia / agraphia / right - left confusion
59
prefrontal cortex functions
planning, decisions, purposeful action, sequence of behaviors over time, appropriate behaviors, working memory
60
working memory
short term memory used while doing a task in the brain
61
prefrontal cortex damage
Phineas Gage, impulsiveness, inappropriate behavior, disordered thought, lack of planning, perseveration (repetition of behavior even after new info available), can't use info to guide behavior
62
Wisconsin card sorting test
matching cards based on color and shapes, rules change during game, tests for damage prefrontal cortex
63
maturation of cortex
birth - distinct sensory / motor / prefrontal networks that are not intergrated and rudimentary default network; rapid development during first year; sensitive to damage from stressors during infancy; changes in synaptic density / myelination / gray matter thickness during development, increased myelinated pathways, decreased gray matter thickness
64
maturation of cortex
no uniform, posterior to anterior, sensorimotor first, association areas, prefrontal/posterior parietal last, local connections before long-range connections, last area to mature degenerate first
65
electroencephalogram EEG
noninvasive, measures brain activity using scalp electrodes, looks for excitatory and inhibitory cosynaptic potentials, electrodes in relation to each other, big dip = muscles, action potential in milliseconds, vertical scale - microvolts (smaller signal because signals cancel each other out)
66
eyes open EEG
more beta waves close to visual cortex, small, high freq waves
67
eyes closed on EEG
more alpha waves, higher magnitude, lower freq
68
beta waves
12-30 Hz freq, 30 amps in microvolts, eyes open, active thinking
69
alpha waves
8-12 Hz freq, 10-50 Amps microvolts, relaxed, eyes closed
70
theta waves
4-8 Hz freq, 50-100 Amp microvolts, drowsy, meditation
71
delta waves
<4 Hz freq, 100-150 Amp microvolts, slow wave sleep
72
generalized seizure on EEG
synchronized wave pattern across cortex, beta waves switching to alpha waves?, absence seizure with loss of consciousness and little motor activity, waves from thalamocortical circuits modulatory input to cortex layer 1
73
partial complex seizure on EEG
starts at focus and spreads, specific first motor symptom, altered consciousness, beta waves switching to alpha waves
74
REM sleep EEG waves
sawtooth waves in bursts, most resembles awake state
75
stage 1 sleep EEG waves
4-7 Hz theta waves
76
stage 2 sleep EEG waves
12-14 Hz sleep spindles and K-complexes
77
stage 3 sleep EEG waves
<4 Hz high amplitude delta waves
78
stage 4 sleep EEG waves
50% <4Hz high amplitude delta waves
79
beta waves
15-18 Hz, waking more intense mental activity
80
alpha waves
8-12 Hz, during wake, relaxed state
81
patient confidentiality
over 18, can't tell parents anything, implied consent to person bringing pt to ER, ask pt for permission to tell others, person bringing pt in can tell family
82
patient independence
if active suicide threat, can hold pt for 72 hrs
83
patient and threats
dr. obligated to break confidentiality if clear and present threat toward another person, tell person threat is toward
84
CNS processing of sensory info
ascending and descending, includes series / parallel, convergence / divergence, centrifugal / non-sensory modulation - can have very different signals arriving at the cortex compared to what arrive at a receptor
85
sensory preception steps
transduction (unique to each sensory system), transmission (getting info to the cortex), processing and perception
86
series processing of sensory info
1st order neuron stimulated -> 2nd order neuron stimulated -> 3rd order neuron stimulated - labeled line transmission
87
parallel processing of sensory info
1st order neuron stimulated -> divergence onto two 2nd order neurons
88
convergent processing of sensory info
two neurons synapse on one neuron, happens within one sensory modality and across sensory modalities, ex: visual and auditory info to superior colliculus, ex: gate theory of pain with mechano and nociceptors onto one neuron
89
decending messages
exhibit control of ascending sensory information - can be all the way to the receptor level
90
perception
due to modulation of sensory info, what you see is not what you get; receptor sensation is not what cortex perceives, can even change min to min because cortex decides what it wants to perceive
91
selective attention
higher order brain centers in cortex modify how sensitive receptors are, ex: don't notice sounds around you unless paying attention to them, can happen across entire system or in part of it (filtering)
92
factors that influence perception
1. type of receptors, 2. functional receptors, 3. receptor mechanisms (threshold, adaptation), 4 selective attention, 5. emotions/experiences, 6. drugs
93
ganglion cells
in the eye, provide an example of sensory information processing, contrasting enhanced by lateral inhibition from amacrine cells, on-center and off-center ganglion cells - output of retina has undergone processing before leaving the eye - response is different from that of photoreceptors
94
on-center ganglion cells
stimulated by bright light in center of receptive field and inhibited by stimuli to the surround
95
off-center ganglion cells
stimulated by surrounding stimuli, inhibited by on center stimuli
96
photoreceptors
respond to specific wavelength of light (both rods and cones), circular perceptive field, hyperpolarized by light, generate graded potentials
97
ganglion cells
generate action potentials, axons form optic nerve, exhibit lateral inhibition from amacrine cells which gives them complex receptive fields
98
ganglion cell inhibition due to color / wavelength of light
increased in response to blue light in center of perceptive field, decreased in response to red in center of perceptive field, weak in response to white light in center of perceptive field - due to lateral inhibition actually shutting off the response to other kinds of light
99
ganglion cells receptive fields
circle within a circle, ON cells, OFF cells, respond depending on location of light - generates definitive response to contrast
100
ON cells
ganglion cells, depolarized to light in the center of the perceptive field, hyperpolarize when light is off in center of perceptive field
101
OFF cells
ganglion cells, depolarized by bright light in surround of perceptive field, hyperpolarize to brighter light in center of perceptive field
102
bipolar cells
turns hyperpolarization of photoreceptors into depolarization at ganglion cell, some do not change the signal (none in photoreceptor = none in ganglion cell), some flip the response (none in photo receptor = some in gangion cells, some in photoreceptor = none in ganglion cell)
103
visual cortex
retinal puts signal back together by rebuilding particular features
104
organization of primary visual cortex
ocular dominance - alternating left and right eye sections horizontally that allow for depth perception, vertical orientation columns give edges and motion, color in blob regions
105
ganglion cell output to primary visual cortex parts
simlpe ganglion cells -> converge -> lateral geniculate nucleus cells -> complex single cell that responds to a specific pattern (ex: respond to vertical surface moving in particular direction) - gives respresentation of world in horizontal and vertical lines with particular motion
106
visual homunculus
inputs from fovea relatively greater than periphery at posterior of primary visual field, separate maps for each visual field are merged to form single perceptual map of visual space
107
ocular dominance
cortical cells extract depth cues (stereopsis) based on disparity in images from each eye, done by convergence of input from ocular columns
108
visual perception learning
brain learns what signals mean with repetition, ex: certain pattern of cell activity means an object is near / far away, very important to have images aligned during development or could have problems - optical illusions break these rules
109
strabismus
muscle imbalance that results in misalignment of visual axes, causes diplopia after 6 months of age, can lead to permanent suppression of image in weaker eye (amblyopia) - this can compromise depth perception
110
color perception
blue - short, green - medium, red - long, pigments overlap leading to patterns of signals (channels), associate color with pattern of photoreceptor activity, different people have different patterns but learn to associate pattern with color
111
luminescence / contrast
long and medium wavelengths, encoded by green and red cones and rods
112
perceived red / green differences
ratio between long and medium wavelengths
113
perceived blue / yellow differences
short wavelength - (long wavelength + medium wavelength); blue - (red + green)
114
acuity in different channels
due to different receptive field sizes in cones, 80% of ganglion cells encode red / green (long / medium)
115
red green color blindness
defect in ganglion cells that encode long / medium (red / green), 80% of ganglioncells in eye, impacts acuity and color perception
116
output from visual cortex to other cortical areas
dorsal pathway to posterior parietal cortex determine where, ventral pathway to inferior temporal cortex determines what
117
ventral stream
encodes color and form depending on acuity, from primary visual cortex to inferior temporal cortex, determines what something is, lesion - cortical achromatosia can't see color / id things
118
dorsal stream
from primary visual cortex to posterior parietal, encodes motion and depth, determines where something is, lesin - ideomotor apraxia can't execute movements dependent on sight
119
Glasgow Coma Scale scoring areas
eye opening response, verbal response, motor response - used with unresponsive pts, highest score 15, lowest score 3
120
eye opening response on Glasgow Coma Scale
spont open with blinking (4 pts), open to verbal stimuli (3 pts), open to pain on face (2 pts), no response / no eye opening (1 pt)
121
verbal response on Glasgow Coma Scale
oriented (5 pts), confused but answering (4 pts), inappropriate speech (3 pts), incomprehensible speech (2 pts), no speech / response (1 pt)
122
motor response on Glasgow Coma Scale
obeys commands (6 pts), purposeful movement to pain (5 pts), withdrawals from pain (4 pts), flexion with pain / decorticate posture (3 pts), extension with pain / decerebrate posture (2 pts), no motor / response (1 pt)
123
left brain language function
grammar and syntax
124
right brain language function
prosody, emotional content of voice (tone)
125
language regions of the brain
specialized for symbolic representation of communication, there are slight differences between languages regarding localization of brain language functions
126
left sided damage
causes dysphagia - limited word speech
127
bilateral frontal damage
causes aphagia - absolute loss of speech
128
initiates the final pathway for speech
motor cortex, problems with speech can be a motor control problem
129
plan of speech
make choice about what to say in frontal association cortex -> choice about words to use in Wernicke's area -> arcuate fasciculuc -> broca's area ->.....
130
initiate speech
motor cortex -> nucleus ambiguus ->....
131
execute speech
vagus nerve -> vocal cords (starting and stopping speech) + pharynx (vowels)
132
if lanaguage is added to pathway
auditory input into Wernicke's area, visual input into wernicke's area, inferior parietal somatosensory input (gershwind's territory) to Wernickes
133
receptive aphasia/dysphagia
problem in wernicke's area
134
conductive aphasia/dysphagia
problem in arcuate fasciulus between wernicke's and broca's
135
expressive aphasia/dysphagia
problem in Broca's area
136
problems with language comprehension and expression - global language aphasia/dysphagia
problems in wernicke's, broca's. motor cortex
137
apraxia of speech
problem getting from brocas to motor cortex
138
dysarthria - problem with motor act of speeking
problem getting from motor cortex to vagus to larynx and pharynx
139
receptive dysphagia
problem with auditory / verbal comprehension - verbal expression and graphic expression are intact
140
conductive dysphagia
problem with verbal expression
141
expressive dysphagia
auditory / verbal comprehension intact, problem with verbal / graphic expression
142
global aphasia
problem with auditory comprehension, verbal comprehension, verbal expression, and graphic expression
143
history of alcohol
most used, causes most deaths, found in nature with ease, safest thing to drink before sanitation, produces positive mood state and has a stress relieving effect
144
alcoholism
when drinking interferes with social and professional life
145
absorption of alcohol
moves through membranes by diffusion by fixed first degree kinetics, function of conc gradient / surface area / surface thickness / lipid solubility
146
factors that deterime blood alcohol level
gender (differece in total body water), age (total body water), ethnicity (enzymes), weight/BMI (total body water), hormone levels (elimination rate), drinking patterns (tolerance), type of alcohol (amount / strength), mixers (absoprtion), time to drink (blood alcohol conc), stomach content (rate of emptying)
147
alcohol absorption
20% in stomach, 80% small intestine - primarily a function of surface area
148
factors affecting gastric emptying
stomach contents (decreased with food), alcohol content (fastest 25-30%), tolerance (faster), autonominics (SNS slower, PNS faster), drugs, carbonated drinks (decrease)
149
alcohol distribution
1-2 hrs, to tissues with high water - brain, heart, muscles
150
alcohol elimination - less than 5% of alcohol
less that 5% of total intake, via sweat / transdermal in kidney and alveolar gas (breathalizers)
151
minor alcohol elimination <5% of dose
excreted unchanged by first pass metabolism (what makes BAC females > males), gastric mucosa with small amount of alcohol dehydrogenase
152
liver alcohol metabolism 90% of intake
alcohol -> alcohol dehydrogenase -> acetaldehyde -> aldehyde dehydrogenase -> acetate ---- and mixed function oxidase system (MEOS) with cytochrome p450. 2e1, 1A2, 3A4
153
alcohol dehydrogenase
turns ethanol into acetaldehyde with NAD to NADH
154
aldehyde dehydrogenase
turns aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate with NAD to NADH
155
mixed function oxidase system
turns ethanol into acetaldehyde with NADPH and O2 to NADP+ and H2O
156
fomepizole
drug, blocks methanol poisoning by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase so methanol does not turn into formaldehyde
157
disulfiram
drug, tx for alcoholism, inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde accumulates giving hangover like symptoms, must take a pill daily
158
standard drink
14 grams of pure alcohol
159
blood alcohol content and clinical effects
50-100 mg/Dl - sedation, slow reaction; 100-200mg/dL impaired motor, slurred speech, ataxia; 200-300mg/dl emesis, stupor; 300-400mg/dl coma; >400mg/dl resp depression, death; >80-100md/dl in adults and 5-20mg/dl in minors = DWI
160
muscle effects of alcohol
depresses myocardial contractility, relaxes smooth muscle (hypothermia), relaxes uterus
161
chronic alcohol consumption
diet effects, metabolic effects - 16
162
chronic alcohol consumption pathology
liver - fatty liver to hepatitis to cirrhosis, GI - pancreatits, gastritis with protein and blood loss, soluble vit malabsorption
163
chronic alcohol withdrawal
1-2 days anxiety, insomnia, tremor, palpitations, nausea, anorexia; 2-3 days withdrawal seizures, hallucinations; 4-8 delirium tremors, tachycardia, hypertension, low-grade fever, diaphoresis, agitation
164
possible locations where alcohol effects CNS
opioid receptors, cannabinoid receptors, appetite regulators (neuropeptide Y, leptin, ghrelin)
165
alcohol neurotoxicity
distal parathesias, gait disturbance, ataxia, dementia
166
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
paralysis of external eye muscles, ataxia, confusion, thiamine deficiency + alcohol = korsakoff's psychosis
167
chronic alcohol and cardiovascular system
dilated cardiomypathy, arrhythmia, hypertension, coronary heart disease (possible protective at low doses)
168
chronic alcohol and blood
alcohol + folic acid deficiency = mild anemia, alcohol + gastric bleeding = iron deficiency anemia
169
chronic alcohol and endocrine system
steroid imbalance, electrolyte imbalance
170
chronic alcohol and cancer
mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver - breat in women
171
chronic alcohol and liver enzymes
induction of liver enzymes with toxic outcomes, increased p450 depressing drug effect, ex: acetaminophe with increased p450 -> liver toxic products
172
feta alcohol syndrome
small head circum, failure to thrive, delayed development, organ malfunction, small eyes, flat cheeks, small philtrum, epilepsy, uncoordinated motor / fine motor, antisocial, lack of curiosity/imagination, learning problems, behavior disorders, low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, short nose, thin upper lip underdeveloped jaw
173
right hemisphere
usually non-dominant hemisphere, right olfaction, left hand stereognosis, music, poetry, left ear hearing, 3-D spatial, left visual field, simple language comprehension, language prosody
174
left hemisphere
usually dominant hemisphere, language syntax and grammar, motor of speech, left olfaction, right stereognosis, calculation, right visual field, right ear hearing
175
T1 MRI
shows differences in gray and white matter, water of gray matter looks dark, fat of white matter appears light, good at looking for tumors - looks at protons in smaller molecules - often given with gadolinium contrast that can cross BBB in tumor vessels (careful is nephrotoxic)
176
T2 MRI
fat looks darker, water looks lighter, looks for edema - looks at protons in larger molecules
177
hypothryoid
can cause dementia like symptoms, is reversible - should also be very sensitive to the cold
178
sound mind determination
make decisions, understands relevant information, appreciate consequences, use logic and reason, ask pt to restate/paraphrase - consult psychiatrist and mini mental status exam
179
proxy choice
pt incapacitated with no advanced directive, gather family - familial heirarchy - family selects, proxy should be person who knows/will honor pt's wishes - if none can be selected court appoints a guardian
