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Path II > Neuro Basics > Flashcards

Neuro Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Middle Meningeal Artery

A

Associated with epidural hematoma

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2
Q

Middle Meningeal Artery

A

a

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3
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

a

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4
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

a

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5
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

a

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6
Q

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage

A

a

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7
Q

Blunt Trauma

A

a

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8
Q

Sharp Traums

A

a

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9
Q

Closed head injury

A

a

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10
Q

Penetrating (open) head injury

A

S

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11
Q

Skull Fracture

A

a

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12
Q

Concussion

A

s

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13
Q

COntusion

A

a

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14
Q

Laceration

A

a

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15
Q

Coup Injury

A

k

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16
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

a

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17
Q

What type of trauma will result in significant loss of CNS function or death?

A

Closed
Open
Blunt
Sharp

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18
Q

What three factors contribute to damage of the CNS?

A

Nature of injury (blunt vs. sharp)
Severity (force)
SItuation/DIrection of blow

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19
Q

What are the supporter cells of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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20
Q

What are oligodendroglia?

A

Myleniating cells of CNS (Schwann in periphery)

  • Oligos: Many cells
  • Schwann: One neuron
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21
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A

Lining of ventricles, make CSF

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22
Q

What are microglia?

A

The macrophages of the CNS

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23
Q

What are inclusion bodies specific for?

A

Neurodegeneration

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24
Q

Where are Lewy bodies found?

A

Parkinson’s patients

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25
Q

Where are neurofibrillary tangles seen?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

26
Q

What are some subcellular alterations?

A 
Lipofuscin (aging)
Viral Inclusions (HSV)
27
Q

What happens in cellular injury of a neuron outside the cell body?

A

Axonal degeneration (regeneration)

28
Q

What are some glial reactions to injury?

A

Astrocytes: GLIOSIS, Rosenthal fibers (thick eosinophilic bundle)

Oligos: Demyelination (remyelination)

Microglia: Proliferate (form rod cells)

  • Neuronophagia
  • Phagocytic functions
29
Q

What is neuronophagia?

A

Congregation of microgila around dying neurons

30
Q

What causes cerebral edema?

A

Trauma
Hypoxia/ischemia
Infection
Neoplasm

Vasogenic: Leakage of BBB (HTN, Trauma)
Cytotoxic: Intracelluular fluid leak (due to ischemic)

31
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid Granulation
- Ventricles-3rd ventricle-Cerebral aqueduct-4th vent-Foramen of magendie (medial)/Foramen of Lushka (lat)-Arachnoid space-flow through SC-Back to top of brian-reabsorbed by arachnoid granulation

32
Q

What is non communicating hydrocephalus?

A 
Obstruction w/i ventricles
FOCAL ENLARGEMENT (proximal to obstruction)
33
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Obstruction outside ventricular system

ENLARGEMENT OF ENTIRE SYSTEM

34
Q

What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

Dilation of vent system due to atrophy (alzheimers, huntingtons)

35
Q

What is the consequence of a bony vault for skull?

A

Expanding lesions lead to increased increased intracranial pressure that may lead to impingement on important structures of herniation of brain to brainstem BAD

36
Q

What are some etiologies of increased intracranial pressure?

A 
Abscess
Tumor
Edema
Hemorrhage
Hydrocephalus
37
Q

What are some etiologies of increased intracranial pressure?

A 
Abscess
Tumor
Edema
Hemorrhage
Hydrocephalus
38
Q

What are some consequences of increased intracranial pressures?

A

Papilledema
Brain Herniation (cingulate gyrus, uncal)
Decreased BF

39
Q

What will you see with uncal herniation?

A

Dilated pupils due to compression of 3rd nerve
Duret Hemorrhages (brain stem)
Compress PCA: Bilateral homonymous with macular sparing

40
Q

What happens in cingulate herniation?

A

SUBFALCINE

Compress ACA: infarction

41
Q

What happens in Tonsillar herniation (foramen magnum)?

A

Compress brain stem

Decrease blood flow

42
Q

What happens in Tonsillar herniation (foramen magnum)?

A

Compress brain stem

Decrease blood flow

43
Q

What is the nature of skull fractures?

A

Most do not cross the sutures: MONOSTATIC

44
Q

What happens in distatic fractures?

A

The fracture crosses the suture (Extreme force)

45
Q

What are signs of basilar skull fracture?

A 
Orbital hemorrhage (racoon sign)
Mastoid hemorrhage (battle's sign)
Cranial nerve injury
CSF leakage through nose/ears
Meningitis
46
Q

What are depressed skull fractures?

A

Displaced fracture edges greater than thickness of bone

47
Q

What type of injury causes basal skull fractures?

A

Impact to occiput/sides of head

48
Q

What are some types of vascular injuries in the brain?

A

Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Subarachnoid hemorrhage

49
Q

What are epidural hematomas?

A

Arterial source
Rapidly accumulate
Medical emergency

Fracture might rupture middle meningeal artery
Can cause herniation/compression
Get pupil dilation due to compressed 3rd nerve
Upper Motor neuron signs

50
Q

What are subdural hematomas?

A

Venous source

SLOWLY accumulate

51
Q

What are subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Associated with contusions

52
Q

What are some parenchymal injurys?

A

Concussion
CONtusion/laceration
Coup/contrecoup injury
DIffuse axonal injury

53
Q

What is a concussion?

A

Temporary loss of conciousness due to head injury

54
Q

What do you see in contusions?

A

Bruse of the brain
Ring and Ball hemorrhage
Along perivascular space

55
Q

What causes diffuse axonal injury?

A

Often rotational acceleration/deceleration injury

Creates shear forces on brain

56
Q

What causes neurologic dysfunction in a spinal cord injury?

A

Injury of white matter tracts, not the local damage itself

57
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

Does not cross the suture lines
Can have compression signs (dilated pupil)
Medical Emergency

58
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Associated with blunt trauma

Develop slowly but can cause herniation

59
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Worse headache of your life

60
Q

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage

A

Can progress to subarachnoid hemorrhage

61
Q

Blunt Trauma

A

a

62
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Associated with shear force due to acc/decel forces

Path II (11 decks)

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