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Neuro Assessment > Neuro Assessment > Flashcards

Neuro Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Which nodes drain the head and neck?

A

cervical nodes

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2
Q

Which nodes drain the breast and upper arm?

A

axillary nodes

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3
Q

Which nodes are in the antecubital fossa and drain the hand and lower arm?

A

epitrochlear nodes

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4
Q

Which nodes drain the lower extremities, external genitalia, and anterior abdominal wall?

A

inguinal nodes

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5
Q

Older adults experience what changes with their lymphatic system?

A

Nodes decrease in number and size and they become fibrotic and fatty

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6
Q

At what age is a child’s lymph system as large as an adult’s?

A

6 years old, then it grows bigger, and slowly starts to atrophy after puberty

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7
Q

Which of the age groups has the largest lymphatic response?

A

Children

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8
Q

What are questions you want to ask if someone has swollen nodes or “glands”?

A
  • Where
  • How long
  • Any recent changes
  • Hard or soft
  • Painful
  • Reddened
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9
Q

What is the term for enlarged lymph nodes?

A

lymphadenopathy

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10
Q

What is the term for red streaks on the skin due to the lymphatic system?

A

lymphangitis

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11
Q

What is a collection of fluid in dependent areas of the body due to insufficient lymph drainage?

A

lymphedema

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12
Q

Nodes greater than what size should be of concern?

A

1 cm

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13
Q

Should your nodes be mobile or fixed?

A

mobile

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14
Q

If a node is tender, firm, and often matted what is the likely cause?

A

Inflammation

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15
Q

If a node is small, soft, nontender, but well demarcated is it likely cancerous or benign?

A

benign

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16
Q

When is a node likely cancerous?

A

When it’s large, nontender, matted, and rock hard

*the harder and more discrete the more concerning

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17
Q

Which 11 lymph node chains in the head and neck do we need to know?

A
  • Preauricular
  • Posterior auricular
  • Occipital
  • Tonsillar
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Submental
  • Superficial cervical
  • Posterior cervical
  • Deep cervical
  • Supraclavicular
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18
Q

Which would you be able to feel? Inferior superficial inguinal lymph nodes, or the superior inguinal?

A

Superior inguinal, they are closer to the surface

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19
Q

What are the 5 segments of the spinal chord?

A
  • Cervical (8)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccygeal
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20
Q

What are the 4 regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
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21
Q

Which part of the brain coordinates movement (gait)?

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

What is a band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve?

A

dermatome

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23
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
I - olfactory
II - optic
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
V - trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - facial
VIII - acoustic
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - spinal accessory
XII - hypoglossal
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24
Q

Neurological disease usually causes what in older adults?

A

mental decline

25
Q

When do children develop handedness?

A

3-4 years. If it seems like it’s happening before that, then there is probably a problem

26
Q

In infants, which comes first motor control of trunk and extremities, or head and neck?

A

head and neck

27
Q

What are a few important questions to ask yourself when doing a review of the nervous system?

A
  • Is mental status intact?
  • Are right and left sided findings the same or symmetric?
  • If findings are asymmetric, do the lesions lie on peripheral or central nervous systems?
28
Q

How would you test cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory - you do a smell test (test one side, then the other)

29
Q

How would you test cranial nerve II?

A

Optic

  • Snellen chart
  • inspect fundi and optic disk
  • field of vision test
30
Q

How would you test cranial nerve III, IV, and VI?

A 
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
-6 cardinal fields of gaze
-PERRLA
-Convergence
31
Q

How would you test cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal

  • palpate temporal and masseter muscle
  • clench teeth (note strength)
  • ask them to move jaw from side to side
  • corneal reflex
  • pain and sensation in cheeks
32
Q

How would you test cranial nerve VII?

A 
Facial
-Eyebrows up
-Close eyes tightly (try to open them)
-Smile
-Frown
-Show both upper and lower teeth
-Puff out cheeks
Up, Down, Smile, Frown, Open, Blow
33
Q

How would you test cranial nerve VIII?

A

Acoustic

  • whisper test
  • weber (lateralization)
  • rinne (bone conduction)
34
Q

How would you test cranial nerve IX and X?

A 
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
-ask if they have difficulty swallowing
-open mouth and say, "ah" (watch soft palate rise)
-gag reflex
35
Q

How would you test cranial nerve XI?

A

Spinal accessory

  • ask them to shrug their shoulders against your hands
  • ask them to turn their head against your hands
36
Q

How would you test cranial nerve XII?

A

How would you test cranial nerve XII? Hypoglossal

-ask them to stick out their tongue and move it from side to side

37
Q

Testing proprioception, muscle strength, and coordination are all parts of what?

A

Cerebellar function

38
Q

Muscle strength is graded on a scale from what?

A

0-5

39
Q

If the patient can actively move against your opposing resistance what score do they get?

A

5

40
Q

If a patient can only move against gravity, assign them what score?

A

3

41
Q

What are two ways to test coordination?

A
  • Rapid alternating movements (palms and backs of hands on thighs)
  • point to point movement (touch nose, then touch your finger as you move it around)
42
Q

What are 4 ways to assess a patient’s gait?

A
  • Walk across room (observe)
  • walk heel-to-toe
  • walk on toes, then heels
  • Hop in place
43
Q

What is a Romberg test?

A

Standing with both arms on either side of the patient, while the patient is standing ask them to close their eyes, if they fall, sway, or lose their balance the test is POSITIVE

44
Q

What is a pronator drift test?

A

Patient stands eyes closed, hands up, supinated. You watch for movement in hands. Then you push hands down rapidly and watch that they return to position. If there is pronation or they do not return, the test is POSITIVE

45
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

Placing a key in a hand and having them recognize it as a key

46
Q

A normal deep tendon reflex is graded as what?

A

2

47
Q

A grade of 4 on a tendon reflex test means a very brisk, hyperactive reflex with clonus. What is this indicative of?

A

hypercalcemia

48
Q

What are the 5 places on the body to test for tendon reflex?

A
  • AC fossa for bicep
  • back of elbow for tricep
  • radius for hand flexion
  • patellar
  • achilles
49
Q

What are two tests that can help detect meningeal irritation?

A

Brudzinski (lift neck and legs) painful

Kernig (lifting knee - very stiff)

50
Q

In examining LOC what are 5 possible descriptors used?

A 
Alert
Lethargic
Obtunded
Stupor
Coma
51
Q

What type of patient remains unarousable with eyes closed, with no evident response to inner need or external stimuli?

A

comatose

52
Q

what type of patient arouses from sleep only after painful stimuli, and has slow and absent verbal responses and upon cessation of stimuli, they lapse back into an unresponsive state?

A

stupor

53
Q

What is a patient who appears drowsy but opens their eyes and looks at you, responds questions, and then falls back asleep?

A

lethargic

54
Q

What type of patient opens their eyes and looks at you, but responds slowly and is somewhat confused with decreased alertness and interest in the environment?

A

obtunded

55
Q

An infant demonstrates a strong grasp of the examiner’s finger when it is placed in the infant’s palm, what reflex is this and what is the age of this reflex?

A

Palmar grasp, birth-3-4 months

56
Q

When held in an upright position with soles of the feet touching the surface of the table, the infant flexes legs upward in a curled position and hold them there, what reflex is this

A

Placing/Stepping birth-variable stop times

57
Q

With the child lying supine, turn the head to one side, the arm and left extend on the side the head was turned toward

A

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex, birth-two months

58
Q

The infant abducts and extends arms and legs in response to sudden movement of head and trunk backward. The arms then adduct in an embracing motion followed by relaxation

A

Moro reflex (startle) birth-4months

59
Q

What is the expected response to the testing of the cremasteric reflex?

A

elevation of the scrotum

Neuro Assessment (1 decks)

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