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USMLE STEP 1 - OLD > Neuro Anatomy/physiology > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy/physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Failed closure of anterior neuropore leads to what developmental anomaly?

A

Anencephaly

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2
Q

What 2 clinical findings occur in anencephaly?

A

Absent forebrain and calvarium (skull cap) –> “Frog-like” appearance

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3
Q

Why does anencephaly present w/ polyhydramnios?

A

Absent forebrain = absence of swallowing center

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4
Q

Anencephaly is a/w what maternal condition?

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1

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5
Q

Failed closure of posterior neuropore leads to what 3 developmental anomalies?

A

Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele

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6
Q

Developmental anomalies 2/2 failed closure of posterior neuropore are caused by a defect in what structure?

A

Posterior vertebral arch

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7
Q

Spina bifida occulta?

A

Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close. No structural herniation. Intact dura mater. Tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of vertebral defect.

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8
Q

Meningocele?

A

Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close. Meninges herniates through bony defect in spinal canal. Dura mater not intact.

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9
Q

Meningomyelocele?

A

Failure of posterior vertebral arch to close. Meninges and spinal cord herniate through bony defect in spinal canal. Dura mater not intact.

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10
Q

Neural tube defects are a/w low levels of what vitamin?

A

Folic acid

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11
Q

Alar plate?

A

Embryonic structure that forms dorsal/posterior horn (sensory) of spinal cord

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12
Q

Basal plate?

A

Embryonic structure that forms ventral/anterior horn (motor) of spinal cord

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13
Q

Neural tube gives rise to what 3 primary vesicles?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon) Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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14
Q

Forebrain gives rise to what structure(s) in 5 secondary vesicle stage?

A

TelencephalonDiencephalon

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15
Q

Midbrain gives rise to what structure(s) in 5 secondary vesicle stage?

A

Mesencephalon

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16
Q

Hindbrain gives rise to what structure(s) in 5 secondary vesicle stage?

A

MetencephalonMyelencephalon

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17
Q

Telencephalon:Adult derivative of wall?Adult derivative of cavity?

A

Adult derivative of wall = Cerebral hemispheresAdult derivative of cavity = Lateral ventricles

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18
Q

Diencephalon:Adult derivative of wall?Adult derivative of cavity?

A

Adult derivative of wall = ThalamusAdult derivative of cavity = 3rd ventricle

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19
Q

Mesencephalon:Adult derivative of wall?Adult derivative of cavity?

A

Adult derivative of wall = MidbrainAdult derivative of cavity = Aqueduct of Sylvius

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20
Q

Metencephalon:Adult derivative of wall?Adult derivative of cavity?

A

Adult derivative of wall = Pons and cerebellumAdult derivative of cavity = Upper part of 4th ventricle

21
Q

Myelencephalon:Adult derivative of wall?Adult derivative of cavity?

A

Adult derivative of wall = MedullaAdult derivative of cavity = Lower part of 4th ventricle

22
Q

Holoprosencephaly?

A

Incomplete division of forebrain (prosencephalon) into 2 hemispheresNormally, forebrain divides into 2 hemispheres in week 5 of embryonic development

23
Q

Holoprosencephaly is a/w what 2 conditions?

A

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) and fetal alcohol syndrome

24
Q

Most severe form of holoprosencephaly is a/w what eye abnormality

A

Cycloplegia - fusion of eyes

25
Q

Holoprosencephaly is a/w what genetic mutation?

A

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway

26
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1?

A

Congenital underdevelopment of posterior fossa that results in caudal extension of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

27
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation type 2?

A

Congenital underdevelopment of posterior fossa that results in caudal extension of medulla and cerebellar tonsils/vermis through foramen magnum

28
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation type 2 is a/w what 2 conditions?

A

Meningomyelocele and non-communicating hydrocephalus Note - Meningomyelocele usually leads to leg paralysis below defect

29
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

Partial or complete absence of cerebellar vermis with cystic dilation of 4th ventricle

30
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation is a/w what 2 conditions?

A

Meningocele and non-communicating hydrocephalus

31
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 is a/w what condition?

A

Syringomyelia

32
Q

Syringomyelia?

A

Fluid-filled cavity (syrinx) within spinal cord that enlarges over time and damages adjacent structures within spinal cord

33
Q

Syringomyelia most often occurs at what level of spinal cord?

A

C8-T1

34
Q

What are 2 spinal cord structures/tracts are affected by syringomyelia? Symptoms?

A

Anterior white commissure = site of decussation of 2nd order neurons of lateral spinothalamic tract –> b/l loss of crude touch, pain, and temperature sensationAnterior (motor) horns = motor neurons in lateral corticospinal tract synapse in anterior (motor) horns –> LMN lesion = areflexia, flaccid paralysis, fasciculations, , and ATROPHY OF INTRINSIC HAND MUSCLESSyringomyelia spares dorsal column –> preservation of fine touch, proprioception, pressure, vibration, stereognosis, and graphesthesiaStereognosis = ability to perceive and recognize form of an object using cues from texture, size, spatial properties, and temperatureGraphesthesia = ability to recognize writing on skin purely by sensation of touch

35
Q

Syringomyelia v. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

No sensory deficits in ALS

36
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue derived from what brachial arches?

A

1st and 2nd

37
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue derived from what brachial arches?

A

3rd and 4th

38
Q

Muscles of tongue derived from?

A

Occipital myotomes

39
Q

Motor innervation of tongue? Exception?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)Palatoglossus muscle innervated by vagus nerve (CN X)

40
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue - General sensory innervation (touch, pain, pressure, and temperature)?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

41
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue - General sensory innervation (touch, pain, pressure, and temperature)?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

42
Q

Posterior aspect of tongue root - General sensory innervation (touch, pain, pressure, and temperature)?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

43
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue - Gustatory innervation (taste buds)?

A

Chorda tympani, a branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

44
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue - Gustatory innervation (taste buds)?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

45
Q

Posterior aspect of tongue root - Gustatory innervation (taste buds)?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

46
Q

What structure delineates anterior 2/3 of tongue from posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

Terminal sulcus

47
Q

Terminal sulcus is a/w what embryonic structure?

A

Foramen cecum

48
Q

What are the 3 components of neurons?

A

Dendrites - Receive inputCell bodyAxons - Send output

49
Q

Which components of neurons can be stained for Nissl substance?

A

Nissl substance = rERCell body and dendrites stain positive for Nissl. No rER in axons.

USMLE STEP 1 - OLD (12 decks)

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