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NCS Prep > Neuro Anatomy and Science > Flashcards

Neuro Anatomy and Science Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Cranial Nerve and Spinal nerve

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3
Q

Gyrus

A

ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Sulcus

A

depression in the surface of the cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Gray matter

A

the cell bodies, Nuclei in CNS, ganglia in PNS

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6
Q

White matter

A

Axon tract - majority is myelinated

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7
Q

Meniges

A

Dura matter: tough outer layer
Arachnoid: middle layer
Pia matter: attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Brain stem

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex: personality, Executive function, social behavior, and judgement
Broca’s Area: Language output

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10
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Primary Sensory Cortex
Perception and integration
Visual and auditory processing

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11
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernicke’s Area: Language Comprehension
Memory
Identification of Object

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12
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Primary Visual Cortex
Visual Association Cortex

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13
Q

Venticular System

A

Containing cerebrospinal fluid, that is produced by the choroid plexus, fills the subarachoroid space
Lateral ( L and R)
Third
Fourth

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14
Q

The flow of CSF

A

Lateral ventricles →Interventicular Foramen( Foramen of Monro)→Third venticle→Cerbral Aqueduct
→Fourth ventricle→Subarachoroid space→Dural venos sinuses→Blood stream

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15
Q

Limbic System

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus
Limbic cortex(Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus)

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16
Q

Amygdala

A

Control Emotions
Instincts, initiation, motivation, aggression

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17
Q

Hippocampus

A

Declartive( explit) memory

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18
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

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19
Q

Thalaramus

A

Collection of nuclei located above the brainstem
Function: relay of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
sensory - all except olfactory
motor - from the cerebellum and basal ganglia
Regulation of consciousness, arousal, and attention
Assists in integration of Visceral and somatic functions

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located below thalamus
Conntected to endcrine system and pituitary gland
Function: maintian homeostasis, regulate body temp, metabolic rate, BP, hunger, digestion, water balance etc.
Regulate circadian rhythm
Emotional expressions
Involved in functions of Autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

Epithalamus

A

Located above thalamus
Major componet is the pineal gland
Functions: secretes hormones that influence pituitary gland
helps regulate circadian rhythm

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22
Q

Subthalamus

A

Located below thalamus
part of basal ganglia
Function: control movements

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23
Q

Internal Capsule

A

Axon connecting the cerebral cortex and subcortical structure
Fiber tracts separate thalamus and basal ganglia

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24
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Caudate
Putaman
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon)
Substantia nigra(midbrain)

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25
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus + putamen

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26
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate + putamen

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27
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Regulates movement via control of sequencing, muscle tone, and muscle force
Comminucates with motor planning areas of the cerebral cortex via the thalamus
Influences LMN via connections with the pedunculopontine nucleus of the midbrain

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28
Q

Cerebellum Lobes

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

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29
Q

Cerebellum Vertical divisions

A

Vermis
Paravermal hemispheres
Lateral hemispheres

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30
Q

Cerebellum: Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate

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31
Q

Cerebellum: Functional regions

A

Vestibulocerebellum(Flocculonodular lobe)
Spinocerebellum(vermis and paravermal hemisphere)
Cerebrocerebellum(lateral hemisphere)

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32
Q

Cerebellum: conection to brainstem

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle: attaches to the midbrain; contain cerebellar efferent fiber
Middle cerebellar peduncle: attaches to the pons; contains afferent fibers from the cerebral cortex
Inferior cerebellar peduncle: attaches to the medulla; contains afferent fiber from the brainstem and spinal cord, efferent
fibers to the vestibular and reticular nuclei in the brainstem

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33
Q

Cerebellum pathway

A

Mostly ipsilateral
Vistibulocerebellum includes some bilateral control

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34
Q

Cerebellum Primary Function

A

Postural adjustment(anticipatory and reactive)
Coordination of movement

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35
Q

Cerebellum

A

Input: Mossy fibers(information), Climbing fibers( timing)
Output: Purkinje cells

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36
Q

Vistibulocerebellum

A

Function: Regurates equilibrium
Input: Vestibular nuclei and superior collius - eye and head position/movement
Output: medial vestibular nucleus - VOR and eye coordination
lateral vestibular nucleus, reticulospinal system, primary motor cortex - postural reactions
Deep cerebellar nucleus : Fastigial

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37
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Function: Regulate gross limb movements
Inputs: spinocerebellar tracts
Output: Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
Motor cortex and red nucleus
Deep cerebellar nuclei: Emboliform, Globose

38
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Function: Regulates distal limb voluntary movements
motor planning
Timing/Rhythum
Input: Cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei
Output: Motor and premotor cortices via thalamus
Red nucleus to activate rubrospinal tract
Deep cerebral nucleus: Dentate

39
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

40
Q

Brainstem: function

A

Communication pathway between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Location of cranial nerve III-XII nuclei
Regulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity
Regulates arousal and awareness through the ascending reticular activating system

41
Q

Midbrain

A

Cerebal peduncle located anteriorly -Descending tracts from the cerebral cortex
Substantia nigura - part of the basal ganglia
Red nucleus
Superior collicuous - reflective eye-head movements
Infeiror collicuous - Relays auditiory information
Cranial nerve nuclei: III, IV, V

42
Q

Pons

A

Corticopontine tracts synapse on pontine nuclei
Most cerebellar peduncles
Cranial nerve nuclei: V, VI, VII

43
Q

Medulla

A

Pyramids located anteriorly - Descending axons of corticospinal tract
Olives located lateral to pyramids
Inferior cellebelar peduncle posterirorly
Decussation of corticospinal cord and dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
Medial longitudinal fasciculus connects vestibular nuclei and oculomotor nuclei
Infeiror olivary nucleus located deep to the olive
Cranial nerve nuclei: VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

44
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends from medullar to the L1-2 vertebral level
Conus medullaris : the termination of spinal cord
Cauda equina consists of nerve roots that exit spinal canal in the lumbar and sacral regions

45
Q

Spinal Cord

A

8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lubar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal

46
Q

Meninges

A

Continous with those surrounding the brain
Dura matter, archnoid, pia matter

47
Q

White matter

A

Axon tracts conveying ascedning and descending information

48
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies and reflex circuts

49
Q

Dorsal roots

A

Sensory information enterning spinal cord
cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia outside spinal cord

50
Q

Ventral roots

A

Motor commads exiting spinal cord
Cell bodies within spinal cord

51
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Fusion of dorsal and ventral roots that exit through the intervertebral foramina

52
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

Doral Colum Medial Lemniscus tract: discrminative touch, conscious propiroception
Spinothalamic tract: pain, temprature
Divergent pathway
Unconsious relay tracts

53
Q

Dorsal Colum Medial Lemniscus tract

A

First order neuron: peripheral receptor to medulla
Enters spinal cord in Lissauer’s tract
Ascends in the dorsal spinal cord
Fasciculus cuneatus: information from upper trunk and arm
Fasciculus gracilis: information from lower trunk and leg

54
Q

DCML tract

A

Second order neuron: medulla to thalamus
Synapse in lower medulla at the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus
Decussate and form medial lemniscus that ascends through brainstem

55
Q

DCML tract

A

Third neuron: Thalamus to cerebral cortex
Synapse in thalamus in vertrolateral posteiror nucleus(VPN)
Ascend through internal capusle to primary somatosensory cortex

56
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

First order neuron: periperal receptor to spinal cord
Enters spinal cord in Lissauer’s tract
Synapses in spinal cord

57
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Second order neuron: spinal cord to thalamus
Decussates in anterior white commissure
Ascends contralaterally in anterolateral spinal cord

58
Q

Divergent Patheays(slow pain)

A

Spinomesencephalic tract: Turns eyes toward souse of pain
Spinoretucular tract: Arousal, withrawal, and autonomic respose to pain
Spinolimbic tract: Affective responses to pain

59
Q

Unconsious Relay tract

A

Send proprioceptive information to cerebellum for adjusting movements
High-fidelity pathways: posterior spinocerebellar pathway
Cuneocerebeller pathway
Internal feedback tracts: Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Rostral spinocerebellar tract

60
Q

Descending(motor) tracts

A

Descending to all spinal levels: Corticospinal tracts
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Laterl vestibulospinal tract
Head and neck control: Tectospinal tract
Medial vestibulospinal tract
Nonspecific tract: Ceruleospinal tract
Raphespinal tract

61
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Origination: primary cortex, supplymentary motor area, other frontal and perietal areas
Termination: spinal gray matter
Laterality: Contralateral
Decussation - lower medulla at the decussation of the pyramid(1-2% remains ipsilateral)
Function: fractionation of movement
ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles

62
Q

Medial corticaspinal tract

A

Origination: primary cortex, supplymentary motor area, other frontal and perietal areas
Termination: Bilaterally in ventromedial gray of spinal cord
Laterality: mostly ipsilatral
Decussation - small percentage of contralateral fibers decussate in the spinal cord
Function: neck, shoulder, trunk muscules
prepares postural system for intended movements

63
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

Origination: Red nucleus of midbrain with inputs from cerebellum and motor cortex
Termination: ventromedial gray of cervical spinal cord
Laterality: Contralateral
Decussation - midbrain
Function: Extremity muscle(especially wrist extensors), shaping the hand

64
Q

Lateral Reticulospinal tract

A

Origination: Reticular formation in medulla
Termination: ventromedial gray of spinal cord
Laterality: ipsilateral
Decussation - N/A
Function: Psotural control and proximal limb musculature

65
Q

Medial reticulospinal tract

A

Origination: Reticular formation in pons
Termination: ventromedial gray of spinal cord
Laterality: ipsilateral
Decussation - N/A
Function: Postural control and limb extensors

66
Q

Lateral Vestibulospinal tract

A

Origination: Lateral vestivular nuclues
Termination: ventral and intermediate gray
Laterality: ipsilateral
Decussation - N/A
Function: Facilitate Extensors and inhibit flexors for balance reactions

67
Q

Medial Vestibulospinal tract

A

Origination: Medial vestibular nucleus
Termination: bilatral ventromedial gray in cervical and thoracic spinal cord
Laterality: bilateral
Function: Neck and upper back musculature

68
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

Origination: superior colliculus in midbrain
Termination: ventromedial gray of cervical spinal cord
Laterality: Contralateral
Decussation - midbrain
Function: Turn head toward visual and auditory stimuli

69
Q

Nonspecific tracts

A

Ceruleuospinal tract and raphespinal tract
Function: enhance activity of interneurons and motor neurons

70
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of specialized lower motor neurons providing communication between the brain and periphery

71
Q

I - Olfactory Nerve

A

Function: Smell
Examination: Identify distictive smells
Additional notes: Projects directly to temporal lobe of cortex(bypass thalamass)

72
Q

II - Optic Nerve

A

Function: Vision
Examination: Snellen Chart, conforntation
Additional notes: Optic nerve from each eye projects to optic chiasm, from which optic radiations projects to the visual
cortex
Information from right visual field(nasal retina from right eye, temporal retina from left eye) goes to left
cortex vice versa

73
Q

III - Oculomotor nerve

A

Function: Eye movements; innervation of superifor rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
Raises upper eye lid; innervation of levator palpebrae superioris
Constrict pupil ; innervation of pupillary sphincter
Adjust shape of lens of eye: innervation of ciliary muscle
Examination: Smooth pursuits
Additional notes: Pupillary reflex: light enterning eyes is detected by optic nerve and oculomotor nerve causes pupil
constriction

74
Q

IV - Trochlear nerve

A

Function: Eye movement; innervation of superior oblique muscle (inferior and medial eye movement)
Examination: Smooth pursuits
Additional notes: Only cranial nerve to emerge from the dorsal brainstem

75
Q

V - Trigeminal nerve

A

Function: Sensory - facial and temporomandibular joing sensation
Motor - muscles of mastication(temporalis, masseter)
Examination: Light touch to face
Palpate temporalis and masseter as patient crutch teeth
Additional notes: 3 branches; Ophthalamic(sensory), maxillary(sensory), mandibular(sensory and motor)
Jaw jerk reflex

76
Q

VI - Abducens nerve

A

Function: Eye movement; innervation of lateral rectus(lateral eye movements)
Examination: Smooth pursuits
Additional notes: Right abducens nerve palsy( right eye shift to medial side)

77
Q

VII - Facial nerve

A

Function: Motor - muscles of facisal expression and eye closure
Sensory - salivation, taste of anterior of 2/3 of tongue
Examination: Obseve facial symmetry, facial movement( eyebrow elevation, eye closure, smile, puff cheecks)
Additional notes: Five braches; Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, madinbular, cervical

78
Q

VIII - Vestibulocochlear nevre

A

Function: hearing and vestibular function
Examination: Finger rub beside ears, vestibular screen
Additional notes: Vestibular nuclei projects to the spinal cord, cerebellum, and nuclei of cranial nerves III, V and VI

79
Q

IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Function: Taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue, salivation, swallowing(sensation from soft palate and pharynx)
Examination: Gag reflex
Additional notes: sensory portion of gag reflex

80
Q

X - Vagus nerve

A

Function: Speech, swallowing, thoracic and abdominal viscrea( especially heart)
Examination: Gag reflex, say “ahh” and observe palate elevation ( uvula deviation away from affected side)
Additional notes: Motor portion of gag reflex

81
Q

XI - Accessory nerve

A

Function: Inneravation of sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius
Examination: Turn heard and shrug shoulder
Additional notes:

82
Q

XII - Hypoglossal nerve

A

Function: Tongue movement
Examination: Tongue protrusion(deviation toward affected side)
Additional notes: Left hypoglossal nerve palsy - tongue deviated to Left

83
Q

Peripheral nerve anatomy

A

Bundles of axons surrounded by connective tissue
Epineurium: surrounds entire nerve trunk
Prineurium: separates bundles of axons
Endoneurium: separates indiviual axons

84
Q

LMN

A

Alpha motor neuron: large, myelinated axons
Gamma motor neuron: medium, myelinated axons

85
Q

Motor unit

A

Definition: an alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Fast twitch - large diameter, faster alpha motor neuron
Slow twitch - smaller diameter, slower alpha motor neuron

86
Q

Motor unit Recruitment

A

Henneman’s size principle : smaller motor neuron(slow twitch) activated first, followed by larger motor neuron(fast twitch)

oppsite recruitment pattern with electrical stimulation

87
Q

Myotomes - groups of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

C5 : Elbow flexors
C6 : Wrist extensors
C7 : Elbow extensors
C8 : Finger flexors
T1 : Deep finger abductors
L2 : Hip flexors
L3 : knee exntors
L4 : ankle dorsiflexors
L5 : Great toe extensors
S1 : ankle plantor flexors

88
Q

Dermatomes

A

Area of skin for which sensation is relayed by a single spinal nerve

89
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Responsible for homeostasis
Regulates cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, genitourinary system, body temperature, metabolism,
pupillary adjustments and reproduction

90
Q

Afferent pathways

A

Information from visceral receptors sent to CNS via spinal cord and cranial nerve(VII, IX, X)
Visceral receptors - Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors

91
Q

Central regulation

A

Solitary nucleus : convergence of afferent information from cranial nerve VII, IX, X
Pons and medulla: Heart rate, respiration, circulation(vasoconstriction/dilation)
Hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system: Modulate brainstem control

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