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NEURO > NEURO ANATOMY > Flashcards

NEURO ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebrum (a.k.a. forebrain) is composed of two parts:

A

**Telencephalon **(composed of cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia)
Diencephalon which occupies a region of the brain around the third ventricle.

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2
Q

The diencephalon is divided into four distinct parts:

A
  • Thalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
  • Hypothalamus:
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3
Q

Major function of the Thalamus:

A

The Thalamus is considered to be the central relay station of the brain that relays limbic, sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the nervous system.

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4
Q

Major part and function of the Subthalamus

A

The largest part of the subthalamus is the **subthalamic nucleus **which plays a fundamental role in the circuitry of the basal ganglia (i.e. movement regulation).

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5
Q

What is the purpose of basal ganglia

A

Movement regulation

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6
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus:

A

The inferiormost part of the diencephalon, located anteroinferior to the thalamus.

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7
Q

What are the general functions of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus forms connections with different body systems:

  • endocrine
  • autonomic
  • limbic
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8
Q

Where is the DIENCEPHALON located?

A

The diencephalon is the central portion of the brain located around the third ventricle, superior to the brainstem (medulla, pons and midbrain), and inferior to the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex.

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

Location: Superior/rostral to brainstem, either side of third ventricle
Main parts: Anterior and posterior poles
Function: Relays limbic, sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the nervous system

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10
Q

Epithalamus

A

Location: Posterior/dorsal part of diencephalon
Main parts: Pineal gland, habenular nuclei, stria medullaris, and posterior commissure
Function: Regulation of circadian rhythms responsible for regular sleep and wake cycles

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11
Q

Subthalamus

A

Location: Inferior to posterior part of the thalamus; posterior and lateral to hypothalamus
Main parts: Subthalamic nucleus, nuclei of perizonal fields (of Forel), zona incerta, pregeniculate nucleus
Function: Movement regulation

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Location: Anteroinferior to thalamus
Main parts: Periventricular zone, medial zone, lateral zone
Function: Vital functions of the human body (e.g. homeostasis, energy consumption, hunger, awareness)

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13
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

It us formed a physical border between the hypothalamus and the cerebrum. Therefore, it was called the limbic system; arising from the Latin word limbus, meaning edge

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14
Q

Purpose of the Limbic system

A

The limbic system is considered to be the epicentre of emotional and behavioral expression

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15
Q

5 purposes for Limbic System

A
  • feeding (satiety and hunger),
  • forgetting (memory)
  • fighting (emotional response),
  • family (sexual reproduction, maternal instincts),
  • fornicating (sexual arousal)
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16
Q

Overview of HYPOTHALAMUS

A

The hypothalamus is the principal visceral control center of the brain and mediates a broad range of functions via its connections with the endocrine, autonomic (visceral motor), somatic motor, and limbic systems, maintaining a state of homeostasis. Despite its small size of roughly 0.3% of the brain volume, it controls vital body functions including body temperature, blood circulation, food intake, fluid and electrolyte balance, the sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and sexual behaviour.

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17
Q

What is the ventral

A

Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).

18
Q

Medial

A

Medial - toward the midline of the body

19
Q

What is dorsal?

A

Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body

20
Q

Putative

A

generally considered or reputed to be.
“the putative author of the book”
presumed. presumptive. reputed. supposed. accepted.

21
Q

What is the role of the Insula

A

Functional neuroimaging studies have linked the insula to desires, cravings, and addiction. Also, it has been proved that the insula plays an important role in a wide range of psychiatric disorders, such are schizophrenia, mood, panic, post-traumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

22
Q

Waht does the Insula mean?

A

Island

23
Q

The Insula is hidden by:

A

frontal, parietal and the temporal lobe

24
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

the temporal lobe is the second largest lobe of the brain, accounting for just over 20% of the neocortical volume.
The temporal lobe contains the cortical areas that process hearing, as well as sensory aspects of speech and memory.

25
Q

What is the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM?

A

The septum pellucidum is a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain. It runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix.

26
Q

What is the fornix?

A

The fornix is a white matter bundle located in the mesial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, which connects various nodes of a limbic circuitry.

27
Q

What is the purpose of the Fornix?

A

Connects various nodes of a limbic circuitry and is believed to play a key role in cognition and episodic memory recall.

28
Q

Anterior Cingulate is associated to what cognitive function?

A

attention related areas

29
Q

Where is the Cingulate?

A

The cingulate gyrus is a part of the human brain on the medial aspect of each of the cerebral hemispheres.from various brain images as a C shaped structure within the brain that wraps around the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe right above the corpus callosum

30
Q

What parts of the brain make up the limbic system?

A

The cingulate gyrus along with the parahippocampal gyrus, it makes up the limbic cortex of the brain’s limbic system.

31
Q

Where is the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) lies on the medial aspect of the frontal lobes. The pyramidal cells here are large, branched, and very spinous when compared to the posterior cingulate gyrus, as well as other visual, somatosensory and motor cortices.

32
Q

What does Cingulate mean in Latin?

A

cingulate is derived from the Latin cingulātus meaning “girdled”

33
Q

What is the CORPUS CALLOSUM?

A

A thick bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain’s two halves

34
Q

What is the purpose of the CORPUS CALLOSUM?

A

Communication and coordination between the brain’s two hemispheres
to synchronize sensory dynamic visual skills, accommodation, pursuits, saccades, vergence

35
Q

What is the literal meaning of colliculus?

A

a Latin word meaning “small bump”

36
Q

What is and purpose of the Superior Colliculus?

A

The superior colliculus is a paired structure in the rostral midbrain that is involved in incorporating environmental stimuli and coordinating gaze shifts involving both eye and head movements.

37
Q

What is the function of the right Dorsal Lateral Pre Frontal Cortex?

A

right DLPFC is involved in the function of alerting.
The right DLPFC is activated during preparatory and anticipatory arousal.

38
Q

What is the DLPFC

A

Dorsal Lateral Pre-Frontal Cortex

39
Q

Is the Cingulum mostly white or gray matter?

A

The cingulum bundle is a prominent white matter tract that interconnects frontal, parietal, and medial temporal sites

40
Q

What is the Ventral brain?

A

A directional term that refers to the front. When used in reference to the nervous system, ventral refers to the front when discussing the spinal cord. However, above the junction of the midbrain and diencephalon, ventral refers instead to the lower or inferior portion of the brain.

41
Q

Where is the Ventral Brain?

A

Ventral generally refers to the FRONT but in the brain, it refers instead to the lower or inferior portion of the brain.

42
Q

Cingulate

A

Cingulate is an adjective that means resembling or having the form of a girdle, especially in an anatomical structure. It comes from the Latin word cingulātus, which means “girdled”. For example, the cingulate gyrus is an arch-shaped part of the brain that wraps around the corpus callosum like a belt

NEURO (5 decks)

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