Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
4 Lobes
Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal
Front lobe Functions
Intellect, Movement, Broca’s area, Personality/psychological
Parietal Lobes Functions
Sensations, post central gyrus is primary sensory area
Temporal lobes Functions
Auditory, Werniche’s area, short term memory
Occipital lobe
Contains Visual cortex, responsible for primary vision association
Cerebellum Functions
Contains Visual cortex, responsible for primary vision association
Anterior
Towards the front
Posterior
towards the back
Lateral
away from middle
medial
towards the middle
The Central Nervous System
Cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla, spinal cord
Forebrain
Telencephalon (cerebrum), Diencephalon - Thalmus, Hypothalmus
Midbrain
Together with hindbrain, makes up the brain stem
Hindbrain
cerebellum, medulla oblangata, metencephalon, myelencephalon, pons
Cerebrum
Bulk of the brain, two majors parts are left and right hemispheres
Great longitudinal Fissure
Fissure or groove that seperates the two hemispherse
Corpus Callosum
Where the two sides of the brain are joined
Cerebellum
Located at the back of the brain beneath the occipital lobes, fine tunes motor activity or movement
Brain Stem
Located in front of the cerebellum, may be considered as the stem or structure holding up the cerebrum
What three structures make up brain stem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
What is the view and circulation of each?
Label the four lobes as well as the Central Sulcus and Lateral Sulcus (AKA as ?)
Label
Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
A surgical procedure that may reduce a patient’s risk of stroke
During a carotid endarterectomy, the carotid artery is exposed and the plaque buildup is removed
What is a stroke?
an interruption in the blood supply that can lead to cell death and an interruption
of function This can be caused by an arterial blockage, leading to the more common ischemic stroke or by hemorrhage into the brain itself, leading to the more fatal hemorrhagic stroke.
What % of strokes are men/women?
60% women, 40% men
Stroke us the Number X cause of death in the US?
5
Every X minutes someone dies of a stroke?
4 Minutes
What is the leading cause of an Ischemic stroke?
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries that supply the head and neck (carotid and
vertebral arteries), causing narrowing and blockage of these vessels
Label
Endovascular Treatment for ICAD
The lesion is first pre dilated
with the Gateway ® PTA Balloon Catheter, then the Wingspan ® Stent System, mounted on a catheter tip, is unsheathed and the stent is deployed to form a scaffold to hold the artery open
What are the two shapes of these Aneurysms?
What percent of aneurysms develop in the anterior circulation and posterior circulation of the brain?
Anterior Circulation - 85%, posterior circulation - 15%
Treatment options of Vasospasm
Medical Therapy with pharmacological agents to increase the blood pressure and improve blood flow to the brain
Placement of a catheter in a cerebral artery to allow direct infusion of pharmacological agents to dilate the artery
Placing a balloon catheter into the vessel to dilate it
Angioplasty
Placing a balloon catheter into the vessel to dilate it
Test
Test
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
abnormal direct connections between arteries and veins that form a tangle of dilated blood vessels that bypass normal brain tissue and directly shunt blood from the arteries to the veins
Nidus
The actual site of the abnormal
communication in AVMs
Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF)
A congenital or acquired direct connection of variable length between an artery and a vein, with the absence of an intervening nidus. Born with AVFs, AVMs are caused.
Computerized Tomography (CT)
the imaging modality most often used in diagnosing and imaging stroke. CT scanning is a specialized X ray examination in which a transaxial image is obtained from multiple angular projections
Computerized Tomographic Angiography (CTA)
involves injecting a dye into a vein to provide
contrast, which allows images to be taken of the blood vessels
3 Types of drugs that interfere with the normal blood coagulation process
antiplatelets, anticoagulants, or thrombolytic (clot breaking) drugs.
Name Antiplatelet drugs
Aspirin, Plavix
Name Anticoagulant drugs
Heparin, Coumadin, ReoPro, Integrilin, Aggrestat
Name Thombolytics drugs
Streptase, Abbokinase, Activase, Retavase
What are the three methods of treating stroke from least invasive to most invasive?
Medical management, Endovascular Treatment, surgical intervention
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
During a carotid endarterectomy, the carotid artery is exposed and the plaque buildup is removed.
Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease (ICAD)
is the narrowing and hardening of the arteries inside the brain due to the formation of plaque inside of the vessel.
Atherosclerosis
often develops at branch points or curving portions along extracranial and intracranial large arteries where blood flow is slowed and more turbulent.
Typical intracranial atherosclerotic lesions present primarily in five locations
Main trunk of the MCA
Carotid siphon
Mid-portion of the basilar artery
Vertebrobasilar junction
Distal vertebral artery.
intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
is a hemorrhage into the tissue deep within the brain.
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
occurs outside of the parenchyma and into the subarachnoid space (the space between the brain and the skull).
What happens when an AVM burst?
hemorrhagic stroke occurs
Glasgow Outcome Score
evaluates a patient on individual overall social capability (or dependence)
Modified Raymond Scale
measures the risk of a coiled aneurysm regrowing and/or re-rupturing
Hunt & Hess Grading System
classifies patients with intracranial aneurysms (SAH) according to surgical risk
Fisher Grade
classifies a SAH based on the appearance on a CT scan
Endovascular embolization
uses a catheter to reach the location of the abnormality before injecting some material to seal the blood vessel.
Stent Assisted coiling steps
The catheter enters the parent vessel of the aneurysm.
The stent begins to expand at the location of the aneurysm.
The stent lines the walls of the parent vessel.
The coil catheter is fed through the stent into the aneurysm.
Coils are released into the aneurysm.
The stent and the coils remain in place.
Balloon occlusion
occlusion balloon is a temporary device which is inflated in the parent vessel, in front of the neck of the aneurysm, causing occlusion of both neck and parent vessel as coils are advanced into the aneurysm
Coiling
Involves inserting a catheter into the aneurysm, and then inserting tiny platinum coils through the catheter and deploying them into the aneurysm
Stent assisted coiling steps
The stent lines the walls of the parent vessel.
The coil catheter is fed through the stent into the aneurysm.
Coils are released into the aneurysm. The stent and the coils remain in place.
