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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

higher thinking centres

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2
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

sensation and 2 point discrimination

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3
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

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4
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

language

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5
Q

what does central sulcus separate

A

frontal n parietal lobe

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6
Q

what is sylvian fissure aka

A

lateral sulcus - seps temp lobe from frontal n parietal

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7
Q

what does precentral gyrus have

A

primary motor cortex

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8
Q

what is the name of the tough dura mater separating 2 hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

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9
Q

what is tentorium cerebelli

A

tough dura mater separating occipital lobe n cerebellum

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10
Q

what is a homonculus

A

somatotropin rep of body in motor n somatosensory cortex - size of area in cortex = degree of innervation to body part

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11
Q

what do ventricles do

A

produce n transprort CSF

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12
Q

what does CSF do

A

protects brain

provides stable chemistry env

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13
Q

what are the ventricles lined by

A

ependymal cells that form choroid plexus - produces CSF

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14
Q

where is CSF prod

A

choroid plexus in lateral, 3rd n 4th ventricles

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15
Q

where does CSF flow from lateral ventricle to

A

3rd ventricle through interventricular foramen (aka foramen of Monro)

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16
Q

what is the path of csf from lat ventricles

A

lat ventricles - foramen of monro (interventricular foramen) - 3rd ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - 4th ventricle - spinal canal n subarachnoid cistern

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17
Q

what is corpus callosum

A

white matter

connects r n l hems

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18
Q

what are the parts of the corpus callosum

A

rostrum
genu
body
splenium

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19
Q

what are the 3 parts of brainstem (top to bottom)

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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20
Q

how many bones in the skull

A 
6
1 frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
1 occipital
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21
Q

what do the diff sutures connect

A

coronal: frontal and parietal bones
sagittal: parietal and temporal bones
lambdoid: parietal and occipital bones

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22
Q

what are the 3 layers of mater (outer to inner)

A

dura
arachnoid
pia

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23
Q

which layer of mater transfers CSF from brain to blood stream

A

arachnoid / middle layer

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24
Q

what is the blood brain barrier formed by

A

tight junctions btwn endothelial cells n astrocytic foot processes

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25
Q

what does the internal carotid artery branch into

A

opthalmic
posterior communicating
anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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26
Q

what does the vertebral artery come from

A

arises from subclavian

converge to form basilar artery

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27
Q

list the 9 skull openings + their CN’s

A 
cribriform plate (1)
optic canal (2) 
sup orbital fissure (3, 4, 6, V1)
foramen rotundum (V2)
foramen ovale (V3)
lacerum (internal carotid)
internal acoustic meatus (7, 8)
jugular formaen (9, 10, 11)
hypoglossal canal (12)
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28
Q

what does post cerebral artery supply

A

occipital lobe

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29
Q

what does middle cerebral artery supply

A

lateral region of brain (temp lobe)

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30
Q

what supplies medial region of brain (frontal n parietal lobe)

A

ant cerebral artery

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31
Q

what is a berry aneurysm

A

bulge in blood vessel at junction btwn cerebral arteries n COW

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32
Q

where does venous blood collect

A

btwn 2 layers of dura mater (sinuses)

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33
Q

which sinuses drain into transverse sinus

A

sup
inf sagittal
straight

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34
Q

what does transverse sinus drain into

A

internal jugular vein

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35
Q

what is inbtwn the path of the 3 sinuses –> int jugular vein

A

transverse sinus

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36
Q

what is diff btwn superficial n deep veins

A

superficial veins are not paired with an artery, unlike deep veins, which typically have an artery with the same name close by

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37
Q

where do the CN’s arise from

A

DOESN’T ARISE FROM BRAINSTEM:
I (olfactory) [olfactory mucosa of upper nasal cavity]
II (optic) [optic disc]

ARISE FROM MIDBRAIN:
III (oculomotor)
IV (trochlear)

ARISE FROM PONS
V (trigemintal)
VI (abducens)
VII (facial)
VIII (vestibulocochlear)
ARISE FROM MEDULLA
IX (glossopharyngeal)
X (vagus) 
XI (accessory)
XII (hypoglossal)
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38
Q

which CN’s are parasympathetic

A

10 vagus
9 glossopharyngeal
7 facial
3 occulomotor

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39
Q

function of CN I (olfactory)

A

smell

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40
Q

function of cn ii (optic)

A

vision

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41
Q

function of cn iii (occulomotor)

A

innervates ALL eye muscles BUT lateral rectus (VI) n sup oblique (IV)

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42
Q

function of cn iv (trochlear)

A

innervates superior oblique

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43
Q

what are the 3 trigeminal CN V divisions

A

V1 - opthalmic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular

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44
Q

function of cn v1 (ophthalmic)

A

sensation above nose

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45
Q

function of cn v2 (maxillary)

A

sensation btwn nose n mouth

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46
Q

functions of cn v3 (mandibular)

A

sensory: sensation below mouth
motor: innervates muscles of mastication

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47
Q

function of cn vi (abducens)

A

motor: innervates lateral rectus (abduction of eyeball)

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48
Q

what are the 5 divisions of cn vii (facial)

A 
temporal
zygomatic
buckle
mandibular
cervical
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49
Q

what are the functions of cn vii (facial)

A

motor: innervates muscles of facial expression
sensory: sense of taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
PS: submandibular n sublingual glands

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50
Q

what are the functions of cn viii (vestibulocochlear)

A

(sensory)
cochlear nerve: auditory
vestibular nerve: balance

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51
Q

what are the functions of cn ix (glossopharyngeal)

A

sensory: for oropharynx, carotid bodies, taste for post 1/3 of tongue
motor: innervates stylopharyngeus
PS: parotid gland

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52
Q

what are the functions of cn x (vagus)

A

sensory: laryngophrynx
motor: innervates muscles of pharynx n larynx
PS: heart n GI tract

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53
Q

what is the function of cn xi (accessory)

A

innervates SCM and trapezius muscles

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54
Q

what is the function of cn xii (hypoglossal)

A

innervates intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue

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55
Q

how many sacral and coccyx

A

5 fused sacral

4 fused coccyx

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56
Q

what is the vertebral body lined with

A

hyaline cartilage

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57
Q

what can the vertebra be divided into

A

vertebral body n arch

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58
Q

what does the vertebral arch have

A

pedicles
transverse processes
lamina
spinous processes

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59
Q

what is the site of muscle attachment on vertebra

A

spinous process

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60
Q

what are the atlas n axis

A

c1 (atlas) - no vertebral body/spinous process

c2 (axis) peg extends superiorly, articulates w articular facet in c1 - allows head rotation independent of torso

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61
Q

LOOK AT PICS FOR THE DIFF VERTEBRAE!!!!!!!!!!!

A

ok

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62
Q

what are 3 sig features of cervical vertebra

A

1/ bifid/long spinous process

  1. transverse framina
  2. large foramen (for brainstem)
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63
Q

what are 3 sig features of thoracic vertebra

A
  1. rounder body
  2. long transfer process
  3. smaller rounder foramen
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64
Q

what are 3 sig features of lumbar vertebra

A
  1. largest
  2. small foramen
  3. transverse n spinous processes same size
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65
Q

what are IVD

A

intervertebral discs - fibrocartilaginous discs that act as a shock absorber for the spine

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66
Q

LOOK AT TEACHMEANATOMY IMAGE OF SPINAL LIGAMENTS

A

pls

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67
Q

what is the diff btwn white n grey matter

A 
white = myelinated axons
grey = cell bodies
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68
Q

what are the 2 types of LTM

A

explicit (episodic vs semantic)

implicit (learned movements in cerebellum)

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69
Q

what does the hippocampus do

A

consolidates STM into LTM

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70
Q

what does the amygdala concern

A

emotional memory

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71
Q

what memory does parietal lobe concern

A

ST verbal memory

72
Q

what is in the structure of a neurone

A

cell body
axon
dendrites

73
Q

what is a cell body

A

genetic n metabolic centre

74
Q

what is an axon

A

conducting system of neurones, myelinated with nodes of Ranvier

75
Q

what do dendrites do

A

create connections btwn neighbouring neurones

76
Q

what are astrocytes

A

foot processes that maintain blood brain barrier

77
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

prod neuronal myelin sheth

78
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

line ventrcles n prod CSF

79
Q

what are microglia

A

resident macrophages of CNS

80
Q

what are the 4 steps of NS release

A
  1. action potential @ presynaptic membrane –> Ca release
  2. Ca causes vesicles to fuse w synaptic membrane –> neurotransmitter release
  3. neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane
  4. neurotransmitter binding –> post synaptic Na channels open thus pst synaptic depolarisation
81
Q

what are 2 types of neurotransmitters

A

central n peripheral

82
Q

what are the 3 types of central neurotransmitters

A

excitatory eg glutamate
inhibitory eg GABA
modulatory eg dopamine

83
Q

what are the 2 types of peripheral neurotransmitters

A

sympathetic eg NAd

parasympathetic eg ACh

84
Q

what is the resting potential of neurones

A

-70mV bc anions unable to leave

high intracellular K conc, high extracellular Na conc

Na/K pump: 3Na out - 2K in

85
Q

what are the 7 steps of an action potential

A
  1. impulse reaches axon - PARTIAL DEPOLARISATION
  2. -60mV threshold reached - Na channels open
  3. Na influx - DEPOLARISATION
  4. +30mV threshold reached - Na channels close, K channels open
  5. Efflux of K - REPOLARISATION
  6. HYPERPOLARISATION - potential becomes more neg to prevent another impulse
  7. Na/K pump returns to original conc
86
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

propagation occurs at nodes of Ranvier - faster conduction

87
Q

what is spatial summation

A

impulses from multiple neurones = depolarisation

88
Q

what is temporal summation

A

multiple impulses from 1 neurone causes depolarisation

89
Q

what is the definition of pain

A

an unpleasant sensory n emotional exp associated w actual or perceived tissue damage

90
Q

what is nociceptive pain

A

arises from damage or threatened non-neuronal tissue, associated w nociceptors

91
Q

what is neuropathic pain

A

direct result of disease/lesion in somatosensory system

92
Q

what is diff btwn anaesthesia and analgesia

A 
anaesthesia = blocking all sensation
analgesia = just blocking pain
93
Q

what are the 2 types of pain fibres

A

alpha delta fibres

c fibres

94
Q

what are alpha delta fibres

A

pain fibres

-myelinated axons carry sharp pain

95
Q

what are c fibres

A

pain fibres

- unmyelinated axons carry dull pain

96
Q

what are nociceptors

A
  • sensory receptors - detect int and ext pain

cell bodies found in dorsal root (lat spinothalamic)

97
Q

what is the mechanism of pain (4)

A
  1. noxious stimuli causes damaged cells to release substance P
  2. nociceptors activated on alpha delta n c fibres, lowering threshold
  3. AP generated in pain fibres - synapse in substantia gelatinosa
  4. 2nd order neurones - lat spinothalamic tract - thalamus
98
Q

what is the gate control theory

A

non painful sensory input overpowers painful input

99
Q

what are the areas of brain for pain

A

somatosensory cortex - sensation
insular cortex - subjective pain sensation
amygdala - emotional dimension of pain

100
Q

what do opioids do (3)

A
  1. inhibit nociceptive impulses from reaching thalamus
  2. inhibits presynaptic Ca movemet
  3. K release hyperpolarises membrane
101
Q

what are the 3 steps of neuromuscular transmission

A
  1. ACh released from presynaptic terminal n diffuses towards muscle
  2. ACh bind to nicotinic receptors on sarcolemma
  3. Depolarisation of sarcolemma causes Ca ions to be released by sarcoplasmic reticulum
102
Q

what is the motor end plate

A

connection btwn synapse n muscle fibre

103
Q

motor unit

A
  • single alpha motor neurone n all the muscle fibres it innervates
  • depolarisation of motor neurone = contraction of all muscle fibres
  • muscle fibres spread throughout muscle - more even contraction
104
Q

how does skeletal muscle get to myofibril

A

skeletal muscle
muscle fasciuli
muscle fibre
myofibril

105
Q

describe muscle spindles

A
  • intrafusal fibres innervated by gamma motor neurones
  • detect muscle stretch regardless of current length
  • gamma motor neurones prevent spindle going slack during muscle contraction - optimum stretch detection
106
Q

describe Golgi tendon organs

A
  • collagen fibres in tendon innervated by afferent fibres
  • detect degree of stretch exerted by motor units
  • tension exerted - collagen straightened - nerve endings disrupted
107
Q

what is the stretch reflex (3)

A
  1. patellar tendon pushed down - quadricep stretched
  2. muscle spindle detects stretch in muscle - activates afferent fibres
  3. afferent fibres stimulate alpha motor neurones - quadricep contracts
108
Q

what is the withdrawal reflex (3)

A
  1. painful stimulation on skin activates nociceptors
  2. activates flexor n inhibits extensor on ipsilateral leg
  3. body moves away from noxious stimuli
109
Q

what does an UMN issue result in

A

weakness
altere muscle tone
fast twitching

110
Q

what does LMN issue result in

A

paralysis and decreased muscle tone

111
Q

what is the fibrous layer around the eye

112
Q

what is the attachment for ocular muscles

113
Q

what is the transparent layer over iris that refract slight

114
Q

what is the size of the pupil controlled by

A

circular n radial muscles

115
Q

what is the gel that fills up the inside of the eye

A

virtuous humour

116
Q

where do nasal fibres decussate

A

optic chasm, lateral fibres remain ipsilateral

117
Q

what do retinal ganglion cells go to?

A

optic nerve - optic canal - opticchiasm

118
Q

how does the optic tract get to the visual cortex

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

119
Q

what is a bitemporal hemianopia

A

pituitary tumour presses on optic chasm

nasal fibres that decussate are affected - peripheral vision loss

120
Q

LEARN OCCULAR MUSCLES

121
Q

what does the tympanic membrane vibrate at the same frequency as

122
Q

what does the middle ear consist of

A

3 bones that transfer vibration (malleus, incus, stapes)

123
Q

what contracts to prevent damage to bones

A

tensor tympani n stapedius

124
Q

what does the inner ear consist of

A

formed of cochlea nd semi-circular canal

125
Q

what does the organ of crate have

A
  • hair cells - mechanoreceptors with protruding stereocilia
  • 1 row of inner hair cells n 3 rows of outer hair cells
  • inner hair cell protrude into endolymph, outer cells embedded in tectorial membrane - both respond to vibration
126
Q

what are the 5 steps of auditory transduction

A
  1. pressure waves displace basement membrane - stereo cilia bends
  2. potassium channels open - K influx - depolarisation
  3. calcium channels open on basement membrane –> stimulates glutamate release
  4. cochlear branch of CN VIII stimulated - superior olivary body
  5. inferior colliculus –> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) –> auditory cortex
127
Q

what is the diff btwn outer, middle n inner ear

A

outer ear - helps collect sound
middle ear - for sound transmission
inner ear - conversion of sound into neural impulses

128
Q

what does the shape of the pinna do

A

helps to amplify and direct sound

129
Q

what are semi-circular canals

A

filled w endolymph

cupula has embedded stereocilia

130
Q

how does head rotation work

A
  1. semi-circular canal moves (endolymph doesn’t)
  2. moving cupola pushes against stationary endolymph n distorts
  3. stereocilia bend –> mechanical ion channels open
  4. glutamate released –> vestibular nerve stimulated
131
Q

name 6 components of the limbic system

A 
basal ganglia
amygdala
hypothalamus
thalamus
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
132
Q

what is basal ganglia implicated in

A

control of movement

133
Q

what is amygdala implicated in

134
Q

what is the thalamus

A

neural relay station

135
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

auto regulates body

136
Q

what is hippocampus involved in

137
Q

what is cingulate gyrus involved in

A

emotion n learning

138
Q

LEARN DIAGRAM OF….

A

BASAL GANGLIA

139
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior
posterior
floculonodular

140
Q

what are the 2 inputs to the cerebellum

A

mossy fibres

climbing fibres

141
Q

what do mossy fibres do

A

enter from middle peduncle (connects pons. cerebellum)

innervates granular cells

142
Q

what do climbing fibres do

A

enter from inf peduncle

innervates single purkinje cell

143
Q

what is the output of the cerebellum

A

purkinje fibres

  • cell axons travel to dentate nucleus
  • main connection btwn cerebellum n rest of brain
144
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dura mater (outer to inner)

A

periosteal (superficial)

meningeal (deep)

145
Q

where are the sinuses of the brain located

A

btwn periosteal and meningeal layer

146
Q

what are 2 sinuses that receive venous blood from brain and meninges (along midline) - lie in falx cerebri

A

superior sagittal sinus

inferior sagittal sinus

147
Q

what are the 3 auditory ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

148
Q

where does the stapes project vibrations from

A

eardrum [tympanic membrane] oval window, connecting to the labyrinth

149
Q

what is the labyrinth made of

A

semi circular canal
vestibule
cochlea
- important for balance

150
Q

what is the external ear

A

pinna to eardrum

151
Q

what is the middle ear

152
Q

what is the inner ear

A

cochlea and nerves

153
Q

what vibrates as sound enters

A

tympanic membrane

154
Q

where is there fluid in the ear

A

in the cochlea

155
Q

how are the 3 ear compartments diff?

A

external/middle = only involved in hearing

inner = hearing AND maintaining equilibrium

156
Q

what is the Pinna aka

157
Q

what is the pinna made up of

A

elastic cartilage covered in skin

158
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus aka

A

auditory canal

159
Q

what is the boundary btwn the external and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

160
Q

what is the middle ear aka

A

tympanic cavity

161
Q

what do the 3 auditor ossicles transmit sound to

A

oval window

162
Q

what are the 2 parts of labryinth

A

bony and membranous

163
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the cochlea

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala media
  • scala tympani
164
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

receptor organ for hearing, located in the cochlea

165
Q

what does the organ of corti have

A

hair cells, when triggered - opens mechanically gated sodium channels.. generates graded potentials then action potentials etc etc

166
Q

what controls balance

A

vestibular apparatus

167
Q

what is the fluid of the vestibular apparatus controlled by

A

movement of head

168
Q

which planes do the semi circular canals lie in

A

there’s 3

  1. sagittal
  2. frontal
  3. transverse
169
Q

what do the semicircular canals detect

A

diff types of head rotation

170
Q

are sensory fibres in the spinal cord dorsal or ventral

A

dorsal (back)

171
Q

are motor fibres in the spinal cord dorsal or ventral

A

ventral (front)

172
Q

which CN’s arise from the cerebrum

173
Q

which CN’s arise from the midbrain

174
Q

which CN’s arise from the pons

A

5, 6, 7, 8

175
Q

which CN’s arise from the medulla

A

9, 10, 11, 12

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