Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
division of ANS that prods the body into action during times pf physiologic and psychologic stress
A
sympathetic division
2
Q
division of ANS that functions in a complementary and a counterbalancing manner to conserve body resources and maintain day to day body functions such as digestion and elimination
A
parasympathetic division
3
Q
Where does the brain receive 20% of total cardiac output from?
A
2 internal carotid arteries
2 vertebral arteries
4
Q
Blood drains from the brain through ____ ___ and ___ ___ that empty in to the ___ ____ veins.
A
venous plexuses
dural sinuses
internal jugular
5
Q
What are the 3 main units of the brain?
A
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
6
Q
Two ____ ____, each divided into lobes form the cerebrum.
A
cerebral hemispheres
7
Q
The ____ outer layer, the ____ ____, houses the higher mental functions and is responsible for general movement, visceral functions, behavior and integration of these functions.
A
gray
cerebral cortex
8
Q
____ _____ (corpus callousum) interconnect the counterpart areas in each hemisphere, permitting the coordination of activities between the hemispheres.
A
commissural fibers
9
Q
What lobe contains the motor cortex associated with voluntary skeletal movement and fine repetitive motor movements, as well as the control of eye movements.
A
frontal lobe
10
Q
What are the specific areas in the motor area associated with?
A
movement of specific parts of the body
11
Q
What extends from the primary motor area into the spinal cord?
A
corticospinal tracts
12
Q
What lobe is primarily responsible for processing sensory data as it is received.
A
parietal lobe
13
Q
What lobe assists with the interpretation of tactile sensations (temp, pressure, pain, size, shape, texture, and two point discrimination) as well as visual, gustatory, olfactory, and auditory sensations?
A
parietal lobe
14
Q
What lobe is responsible for recognition of body parts and awareness of body position (proprioception)?
A
pariteal lobe
15
Q
What lobe has association fibers that provide communication between the sensory and motor area of the brain?
A
pariteal lobe
16
Q
What lobe contains the primary vision center and provides interpretation of visual data?
A
occipital lobe
17
Q
What lobe is responsible for the perception and interpretation of sounds and determination of their source?
A
temporal lobe
18
Q
What lobe is also involved in the integration of taste, smell and balance?
A
temporal lobe
19
Q
What is Wernicke’s areas for in the temporal lobe?
A
the reception of speech and interpretation of speech
20
Q
What functions as the extrapyramidal pathway and processing station between the cerebral motor cortex and the upper brainstem?
A
basal ganglia system
21
Q
What are the interconnections of the basal ganglia system (extrapyramidal pathway and processing station between cerebral motor cortex and upper brainstem) that refine motor movements?
A
within the thalamus, motor cortex, reticular formation and spinal cord
22
Q
What part of the brain aids the motor cortex of the cerebrum in the integration of voluntary movement?
A
cerebellum
23
Q
What part of the brain processes sensory information from the eyes, ears, touch receptors, and MSK?
A
cerebellum
24
Q
What part of the brain is integrated with the vestibular system?
A
cerebellum
25
What does the vestibular system in the cerebellum do?
uses the sensory data for reflexive control of muscle tone, balance and posture to produce steady and precise movements
26
What part of the brain is the pathway between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord that controls many involuntary functions?
brainstem
27
What part of the brain includes structures such as the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, diencephalon? ( the nuclei of the 12 cranial nerves arise from these structures)
brainstem
28
What is the major integrating center for perception of various sensations such as pain and temperature
thalamus
29
What structure also relays sensory aspects of motor information between the basal ganglia and cerebellum?
thalamus
30
What structure transmits information between the brainstem and the cerebellum, relaying motor information from the cerebral cortex to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere?
pons
31
What is the site where the descending corticospinal tracts decussate?
medulla oblongata
32
How long is the spinal cord?
40-50 cm
33
The spinal cord begins at the ___ _____ as a continuation of the ___ ___ and terminates at __ and ___ of the vertebral column.
foramen magnum
medulla oblongata
L1, L2
34
What part of the spinal cord is arranged in a butterfly shape with anterior and posterior horns, contains the nerve cell bodies associated with sensory pathways and the autonomic nervous system?
gray matter
35
What part of the spinal cord contains the ascending and descending spinal tracts?
white matter
36
What structure of the brainstem's function is respiratory, circulatory and vasomotor activities?
Medulla Oblongata
37
What structure of the brainstem's function has reflexes of swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing and hiccuping?
Medulla Oblongata
38
What structure of the brainstem's function is the relay center for major ascending and descending spinal tracts that decussate at the pyramid?
Medulla Oblongata
39
What structure of the brainstem's function has reflexes of pupillary action and eye movement?
Pons
40
What structure of the brainstem's function is to control voluntary muscle action with corticospinal tract pathway
Pons
41
What structure of the brainstem's function is the reflex center for the eye and head movement
Midbrain
42
What structure of the brainstem's function is the auditory relay pathway?
Midbrain
43
What structure of the brainstem's function relays impulses between cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla?
Diencephalon
44
What structure of the brainstem's converts all sensory impulses (except olfaction) to and from cerebrum
thalamus
45
What structure of the brainstem's controls state of consciousness, conscious perception of sensations and abstract feelings?
thalamus
46
What structure of the brainstem houses the pineal body and functions for sexual development and behavior?
epithalamus
47
What structure of the brainstem's is the major processing center of internal stimulation for autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
48
What structure of the brainstem maintains temp control, water metabolism, osmolarity, feeding behavior and neuroendocrine activity?
Hypothalamus
49
What structure of the brainstem controls hormonal growth lactation, vasoconstriction and metabolism?
pituitary gland
50
The ______ tract permits skilled, delicate, and purposeful movements.
corticospinal (pyramidal)
51
The _____ tract causes the extensor muscles of the body to suddenly contract when an individual starts to fall.
vestibulospinal
52
The ____ tract arises from the brainstem and innervates motor functions of the cranial nerves.
corticobulbar
53
nerve cell bodies within the CNS that comprise the descending pathways from brain to spinal cord to influence, direct and modify reflex arc and circuits.
Upper motor neurons
54
cranial and spinal neurons that originate in the anterior horn of spinal cord that extend into peripheral nervous system to signal directly to muscles to permit movement
Lower motor neurons
55
Injury to which motor neuron results in initial paralysis followed by partial recovery over an extended period?
Upper motor neurons
56
Injury to which motor neurons results in permanent paralysis?
Lower motor neurons
57
How many pairs of spinal nerve are there?
31 pairs
58
What happens to the number of cerebral neurons with age?
They decrease but no clinical signs because vast number of reserve neurons inhibit the appearance of signs however the velocity of conduction declines so responses take longer
59
HPI for seizures or convulsions? (10)
```
sequence of events
character of symptoms
aura
level of consciousness
automatism (eye fluttering, lip smacking, chewing)
muscle tone
postical behavior
relationship of seizure (time of day, meals, stress, environment)
frequency of seizures
medications
```
60
HPI for pain (6)
```
onset
quality and intensity
location or radiation
associated manifestations (crying, tremor)
efforts to treat; impact on life
medications
```
61
What are the risk factors for a stroke? (10)
```
HTN
obesity
sedentary lifestyle
smoking
stress
increased cholesterol
oral contraceptives
sickle cell
Family h/o
congenital
```
62
what is anosmia? What causes it?
the loss of sense of smell or an inability to discriminate odors, can be causes by trauma to the cribriform plate or by an olfactory lesion
63
What cranial nerves are BOTH sensory and motor? (4)
CN V Trigeminal
CN VII Facial
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
CN X Vagus
64
What cranial nerves are sensory only? (3)
CN I Olfactory
CN II Optic
CN VIII Acoustic
65
What cranial nerves are Motor only? (5)
```
CN III Oculomotor
CN IV Trochlear
CN VI Abducens
CN XI Spinal Acessory
CN XII Hypoglossal
```
66
What does a positive Romberg indicate?
cerebellar ataxia, vestibular dysfunction or sensory loss
67
the expected leg is stiff and extended with plantar flexion of the foot; movement of the foot results from pelvic tilting upward on the involved side; the foot is dragged often scraping the the toe or circumducted; the affected arm remains flexed and adducted and does not swing
spastic hemiparesis
68
the patient uses short steps, dragging the ball of the foot across the floor, the legs are extended and the thighs tend to cross forward on each other at each step, due to injury of the pyramidal system
Spastic diplegia (scissoring)
69
the hip and knee are elevated excessively high to lift the plantar flexed foot off the ground the foot is brought down to the floor with a slap; pt is unable to walk on heels
steppage
70
The legs are kept apart and weight is shifted from side to side in a waddling motion due to weak hip aBductor muscles, the abdomen often protrudes and lordosis is common
Dystrophic (waddling)
71
The legs are positioned far apart, lifted high and forcibly brought down with each step; the heel stamps on the ground
Tabetic
72
The patients feet are wide-based; staggering and lurching from side to side is often accompanied by swaying of the trunk
Cerebellar gait (cerebellar ataxia)
73
The patients gait is wide based; the feet are thrown forward and outward, bringing them down first on heels, then on toes; the pt watched the ground to guide his or her steps; a positive Romberg sign is present
Sensory ataxia
74
The patient's posture is stopped and the body is held rigid; steps are short and shuffling, with hesitate on starting and difficulty stopping
Parkinsonian gait
75
Jerky, dancing movements appear nondirectional
Dystonia
76
Uncontrolled falling occurs
Ataxia
77
The patient limits the time of weight bearing on the affected leg to limit pain
Antalgic limp
78
What is the inability to recognize objects by touch, what does it suggest?
tactile agnosia
| parietal lobe lesion
79
the area of sensory loss is generally less than the anatomic distribution of nerve; lost sensation is greatest in the central portion of nerve distribution with surrounding zone of partial loss due to adjacent nerve overlap. may lose all or selected modalities of sensation
loss of single peripheral nerve
80
the sensory loss is most severe over legs and feet or over hands (glove and stocking distribution); the change from expected to impaired sensation is gradual; usually involved all modalities of sensation
loss of multiple peripheral nerves (polyneuropathy)
81
incomplete loss of sensation in any area of the skin usually occurs when one nerve root is affected; when two or more nerve roots are completely divided, a zone of sensory loss is surrounded by partial loss; tendon reflexes may also be lost
loss of multiple spinal nerve roots
82
all forms of sensation are lost below the level of the lesion; pain, temperature, and touch sensations are lost one to two dermatomes below the lesion
complete transverse lesion of the spinal cord
83
pain and temperature sensation are lost one to two dermatomes below the lesion on the opposite side of the body from the lesion; proprioceptive loss and motor paralysis occur on the lesion side of the body
Partial spinal sensory syndrome (Brown-Sequard Syndrome)
84
hand a patient a familiar object to identify by touch and manipulation
Stereognosis
85
What are the primary sensory functions? (5)
```
superficial touch
superficial pain
temperature and deep pressure
vibration
position of joints
```
86
What are the cortical sensory functions? (5)
```
Stereognosis
two point discrimination
extinction phenomenon
Graphesthesia
Point location
```
87
If unable to perform the cortical sensory functions what can you suspect?
lesion in the sensory cortex or the posterior columns of the spinal cord.
88
What are the superficial tendon reflexes?
upper abdominal
lower abdominal
cremasteric
plantar
89
What are the deep tendon reflexes?
```
biceps
brachioradial
triceps
patellar
achilles
```
90
What spine segment is tested with upper abdominal reflex?
T8, T9, T10
91
What spine segment is tested with lower abdominal reflex?
T10, T11, T12
92
What spine segment is tested with cremasteric reflex?
T12, L1, L2
93
What spine segment is tested with plantar reflex?
L5, S1, S2
94
What spine segment is tested with biceps tendon reflex?
C5 and C6
95
What spine segment is tested with brachioradial tendon reflex?
C5 and C6
96
What spine segment is tested with triceps tendon reflex?
C6, C7, C8
97
What spine segment is tested with patellar reflex?
L2, L3, L4
98
What spine segment is tested with Achilles reflex?
S1 and S2
99
When might there be a diminished abdominal reflex?
obesity or stretched abdominal muscles after pregnancy or on the side of a corticospinal tract lesion BUT HAS LITTLE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
100
What SHOULD BE the response of the plantar reflex?
plantar flexion of all toes
101
When is the Babinski sign present? What does it indicate?
when there is dorsiflexion of the great toe without without fanning of the other toes. Indicates pyramidal tract disease
102
When testing deep tendon reflexes what might absent reflexes indicate?
neuropathy or lower motor neuron disorder
103
When testing deep tendon reflexes what might hyperactive reflexes indicate?
upper motor neuron disorder
104
What is the scoring of deep tendon reflexes?
```
Grade:
0: no response
1+ : sluggish or diminished
2+ active or expected
3+ more brisk than expected
4+ brisk, hyperactive, with intermittent or transient clonus
```
105
Which motor neuron disorder results in fasciculation's?
lower motor neuron
106
Which motor neuron results in paralysis of voluntary movements?
upper motor neuron
107
Which motor neuron results in paralysis of muscles?
lower motor neuron
108
Which motor neuron results in damage that affects muscles on the ipsilateral side of body?
lower motor neuron
109
What motor neuron has damage above the level of brainstem affects contralateral side of body, damage below the brainstem affects the ipsilateral side of the body?
upper motor neuron
110
Sustained (mayo)clonus is indicative of what?
upper motor neuron disease
111
What should be used in all patents with DM and peripheral neuropathy? Why?
5.07 monofilament or Waardenberg wheel to test for several protective sensations on several sites of the foot
112
What is a stiff neck or nuchal rigidity associated with?
meningitis or intracranial hemorrhage
113
What are the important signs for meningitis?
Fever
stiff neck
altered mental status
114
What is the leading cause of death and adult disability in older adults?
stroke
115
What are lifestyle modifications that can reduce the risk for stroke?
```
weight reduction
low fat diet
low sodium
rich in fruits and veggies
30 mins aerobic exercise
```
116
What diminished smell and taste sensation if affected first in older adults?
bitter and sour taste
117
How might medications impair CNS function in older adults?
slower reaction time
tremors(rhythmic, oscillating involuntary purposeless movements)
anxiety
118
What are other common cranial nerve changes in older adults? (6)
```
reduced ability to differentiate colors
reduced upward gaze
slower adjustment to lighting changes
decreased corneal reflex
middle to high frequency hearing loss
reduced gag reflex
```
119
What gait changes are expected with older adults due to decrease in proprioception, speed balance?
shorter steps with less lifting of the feet
shuffling
arms more flexed, flexion at hips and knees
120
What test can be sued for any adult thought to be at risk for falls or for people who have difficulty performing daily activities?
Tinetti balance and Gait Assessment Tool
Useful to monitor change over time
121
a progressive disorder characterized by a combination of inflammation and degeneration of the myelin of the brains white matter leading to decreased brain mass and obstructed transmission of neural impulses.
Multiple Sclerosis
122
____ ___ are believed to play a role in triggering MS in susceptible individuals.
infectious agents
123
MS is ____ but unpredictable progression with or without remission. onset between _______ years of age and women affected twice as often as men
gradual; 20-40
124
What are some of the objective findings of MS? (6)
```
muscle weakness, ataxia
hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
paresthesias (loss of vibration sense)
intention tremor
optic neuritis
cognitive changes
```
125
What is shown on MRI of the brain with MS?
brain lesions that are periventricular, ovoid and perpendicular to the ventricles; spinal cord lesions may also be found
126
epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked generalized seizures secondary to underlying brain abnormality
seizure disorder
127
The episodic abnormal electrical discharges of cerebral neurons in seizure disorder may be caused by CNS disorder, CNS structural defect or disorder that affects functions of the CNS such as.... (4)
Brain injury
stroke
brain tumor
hypoxic syndromes
128
What is the subjective data found in seizure disorder? (6)
```
h/o prior seizure
premonition or aura
body is stiff and rigid followed by rhythmic jerky movements
eyes roll upward
drooling
loss of bladder or bowel control
```
129
What is the objective data found in seizure disorder?
tonic phase, clonic and postictal stage
130
What is the tonic phase of seizure disorder?
brief flexion and characteristic cry with contraction of abdominal muscles followed by generalized extension for 10-15 minutes; loss of consciousness for 1-2 minutes, eyes deviated upwards with dilated pupils
131
What is the clonic phase of seizure disordeR?
contractions alternate with muscle relaxation
132
What is the postictal state of seizure disorder?
coma followed by confusion and lethargy
133
acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, involving the meninges often due to a virus such as herpes simplex.
encephalitis
134
IN encephalitis how can the virus be transmitted?
the bite of an arthropod or mosquito
135
What is the subjective data for encephalitis?
mild viral illness with fever, quiet stage, followed by onset of lethargy, restlessness and mental confusion
136
What is the objective data of encephalitis? (4)
altered mental status, confusion, stupor
photophobia
stuff neck
muscle weakness, paralysis or ataxia
137
An inflammatory process in the meninges, the membrane around the brain and spinal cord
Meningitis
138
The pathophysiology: the bacterial viral or fungal organisms colonizes int he upper respiratory tract and invades the bloodstream, crosses BBB to infect the CSF and meninges
Meningitis
139
What is the subjective data for meningitis? (6)
```
fever chills
headache/ stiff neck
lethargy/ malaise
vomiting
irritability
seizures
```
140
What are the objective findings with meningitis?
altered mental status
nuchal rigidity
fever
brudzinski & kerning sign may be positive
petechiae and purpura with meningococcal meningitis
141
What confirms the diagnosis of meningitis?
lumbar puncture and CSF culture
142
An abnormal growth of neural or non neural tissue within the cranial cavity that may be a primary or metastatic cancer
intracranial tumor
143
What is the pathophysiology of an intracranial tumor?
lesion causes displacement of tissue and pressure on CSF in circulation; function is threatened through compression and destruction of tissues
144
What are the objective findings of intracranial tumors depending on the location?
```
altered consciousness or confusion
papilledema
cranial nerve impairment
aphasia- language disorder
vision loss
gait disturbance
```
145
What confirms the dx of intracranial tumors?
CT scan or MRI of brain
146
the sudden interruption of blood supply to part of the brain or rupture of a blood vessel, spilling blood into spaces
stroke (brain attack or CVA)
147
What is the most common cause of strokes?
ischemic strokes- when a thrombus or embolism interrupts blood supply
148
What causes 15% of hemorrhagic strokes?
intracerebral or subarachnoid bleeding, often thin the distribution of the brain- brain cells die
149
What is the subjective data associated with stroke? (5)
sudden numbness or weakness( mostly one side of body)
sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
sudden trouble seeing
sudden trouble with walking, dizzy
sudden severe headache
150
What is the objective data with stroke that vary based on location?
```
elevated BP
altered level of consciousness
difficulty managing secretions
weakness or paralysis of extremities or face
aphasia- repetitive or expressive
articulation impairment
impaired horizontal gaze of hemianopia
```
151
an autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission involving the production of autoantibodies directed against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, leading to the destruction and inflammatory changes in the postsynaptic membranes
myasthenia gravis
152
In Myasthenia Gravis the ______ receptor sites stop transmitting nerve impulses across the ________ junction to direct muscle contraction.
acetylcholine;neuromuscular
153
What is the subjective data of Myasthenia gravis?
drooping eyelids
double vision
difficulty swallowing or speaking
fatigue worse with exercise and improves with rest
inability to work with arms raised above head
difficulty walking
symptoms worse later in the day
154
What are the objective findings with myasthenia gravis?
ptosis that develops within 2 minutes of upward gaze
facial weakness when puffing out cheeks
hypophonia
difficulty managing secretions
respiratory compromise or failure
weakness of skeletal muscles WITHOUT reflex, sensory or coordination abnormalities
155
An autoimmune mediated destruction of peripheral nerve myelin sheaths and inflammation of nerve roots that occurs following a nonspecific GI or URI infection 1-3 weeks earlier or following an immunization
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
156
Pathophysiology: results in impaired conduction of nerve impulses between then odes of Ranvier
Guillain-Barre syndrome
157
What is the subjective data associated with GBS?
```
h/o of recent illness and recovery
progressive weakness-mostly legs
paresthesia
pain in the shoulder back or posterior thigh
double vision
```
158
What are the objective findings with GBS?
```
distal weakness usually bilateral and symmetric, and diminished reflexes in ASCENDING pattern
ataxia progressing to flaccid paralysis
bell palsy
dysphagia
respiratory distress
```
159
Recurrent paroxysmal sharp pain that radiates into one of more branches of the fifth cranial nerve
Trigeminal neuralgia
160
a slowly progressive, degenerative disorder in which deficiency of the dopamine neurotransmitter results in poor communication between parts of the brain that coordinate and control movement and balance
Parkinson Disease
161
What are the factors associated with disease onset of Parkinson's?
```
h/o encephalitis
drug use
cerebrovascular disease
genetic
environmental
viral
vascular
```
162
Parkinson Disease occurs most often in what patient population?
older than 50
163
What are the subjective findings in Parkinson Disease?
tremors (sometimes unilateral) occur at rest and fatigue but disappear with intended movement and sleep
progressing to pill-rolling movement of fingers bilaterally and tremor of the hand
slowing of voluntary and automatic movements
numbness, aching, tingling and muscle soreness occur in many patients
164
What are the objective findings in pts with Parkinson Disease?
```
tremors
muscle rigidity
stooped posture, and instability
short steps, shuffling and freezing gait
difficulty swallowing, drooling and voice softening
slow, slurred monotonous speech
impaired cognition, dementia
```
165
A syndrome stimulating degenerative diseases that is caused by noncommunicating hydrocephalus (dilated ventricles with intracranial pressure within expected ranged)
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
166
May be due to a slightly elevated baseline CSF and intermittent increased CSF pressure waves
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
167
What leads to symptoms in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
compression of brain tissue and decreased cerebral blood flow
168
What is the first symptom of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ?
gait impairment- unsteadiness and difficulty turning
169
What are the other subjective findings in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus besides gait impairment?
cognitive impairment
| urgency frequency that progresses to incontinence over time
170
What are the objective findings in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ?
wide-based stance, short, small steps and reduced floor clearance
no tremor
no sensory impairment
cognitive impairment, executive function impaired
171
During recovery, damaged neurons sent out axonal links to activate fibers that has been killed by the virus; the remaining motor neurons activated way more muscle fibers than they were expected to handle, over time, the overloaded damaged neurons died causing symptoms to reoccur
Postpolio syndrome
172
What are the objective findings in post polio syndrome?
```
weakness
dysphagia
sleep apnea
reduced muscle strength with aging
assistive devices
```
173
Type of tremor that is seen with arms held extended, disappears when limb is at rest, small amplitude
enhanced physiologic tremor
174
What are possible causes of enhanced physiologic tremor?
drug or alcohol withdrawal
hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia
toxicity associated with medication (TCAs, lithium, valproate)
175
Type of tremor that is bilateral, symmetrical primarily seen in hands or outstretched arms; may be seen in head, trunk, voice and tongue; may worsen with stress or fatigue and improve with alcohol; progressive; no other signs and lower limbs rarely affected.
essential tremor
176
What are the potential causes of essential tremor?
no consistent cerebral pathology
| autosomal dominant inheritance pattern
177
What tremor is seen during intentional movements (writing, finger to nose test). DO NOT occur at rest
intention tremor
178
What are the potential causes of an essential tremor?
cerebellar disorders such as MS or alcohol abuse
179
what type of tremor is seen when limb is at rest; slow supination and pronation (pill rolling) movements
resting tremor
180
What Is the potential cause of resting tremor?
Parkinson disease
181
What cranial nerves arise from the medulla oblongata?
CN IX, X, XI and XII
182
What cranial nerves arise from the pons?
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
183
What cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
CN III and CN IV
184
What cranial nerves arise from the diencephalon?
CN I and II
185
What artery is affected in stroke with:
unilateral blindness
severe contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia
profound aphasia
internal carotid artery
186
What artery is affected in stoke with:
alternation in communication, cognition mobility and sensation
contralateral hemiplegia and hemiparesis, motor and sensory loss GREATER IN FACE AND ARM
middle cerebral artery
187
What artery is affected with stroke with:
emotional lability
confusion, amnesia, personality changes
urinary incontinence
contralateral hemiplegia or hemiparesis in LOWER EXTREMITIES
Anterior cerebral artery
188
What artery is affected with stroke with:
VISUAL LOSS
memory deficits
receptive aphasia
Posterior Cerebral Artery
189
What artery is affected with stroke with:
"locked in"
SYNCOPE
vertebral or basilar artery
190
What procedures are used for testing the lateral spinothalmic tract? (2) (lower motor)
superficial pain
| temperature
191
What procedures are used for testing the anterior spinothalmic tract? (2) (lower motor)
superficial touch
| deep pressure
192
What procedures are used for testing the posterior column of ascending tracts? (lower motor)
```
vibration
deep pressure
position sense
stereognosis
point location
two point discrimination
```
193
What procedure is used to test anterior and dorsal spinocerebellar? (lower motor)
proprioception
194
What procedure is used to test the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts? (upper motor)
rapid alternating movements
voluntary movement
deep tendon reflexes
plantar reflex
195
What procedure is used to test medial and lateral reticulospinal tracts? (upper motor)
posture and Romberg
gait
instinctual motor reactions
