Neuro

Question 1

Hypospadias

Answer 1

developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens below its usual placement at the tip of the penis. It may open anywhere on the undersurface of the penis or even on the perineum

Question 2

Epispadias

Answer 2

the urethral opening is above its usual placement and anywhere along the upper surface of the penis

Question 3

Cryptorchidism

Answer 3

undescended testicle

Question 4

Hydrocele

Answer 4

accumulation of fluid around the testes. (within the tunica vaginalis). The mass will transilluminate

Question 5

Varicocele

Answer 5

refers to varicose veins of the spermatic cord. This happens when these veins enlarge in the scrotum. On examination, the mass feels like a “bag of worms” and is non-tender

Question 6

Spermatocele

Answer 6

non-tender, cystic scrotal mass that develops in the epididymis above the testicle. May contain sperm. It will trans-illuminate

Question 7

Inguinal Hernia

Answer 7

weakness in the abdominal wall in which the intestines bulge into or out of scrotum

Question 8

Direct inguinal hernia

Answer 8

emerges medial to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 9

Indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 9

passes through the inguinal canal and emerges lateral to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 10

Flexion of the uterus

Answer 10

refers to whether the uterus is bent on itself. The uterus may be flexed (bent) on itself either anteriorly (anteflexed) or posteriorly (retroflexed).
-pt of reference is the is the superior aspect of the organ.

Question 11

Version of the uterus

Answer 11

Entire uterus may be tipped or tilted either anteriorly (ante version) or posteriorly (retroversion).
-pt of reference is the superior aspect of the organ.

Question 12

Uterine Prolapse

Answer 12

due to weakness of the supporting structures, the uterus descends to variable degrees in the vaginal canal.

Question 13

Cystocele

Answer 13

weakness of the supporting structures of the bladder which causes the bladder to bulge into the vagina

Question 14

Rectocele

Answer 14

there is a weakness of the supporting structures of the rectum, causing the rectum to bulge into the vagina

Question 15

Myomas (Fibroids)

Answer 15

common benign uterine tumors.

• may be single or multiple.
• firm nodules, may be large
• can cause marked enlargement and irregularity of the uterus

Question 16

Common Ovarian Cysts

Answer 16

serous cystadenoma and mucus cystadenoma. Usually somewhat compressible.

Question 17

Edema

Answer 17

Fluid in intercellular tissue spaces.

• may be pitting (depression caused by pressure, or non-pitting
• many causes
• Grade on a 1-4+ scale

Question 18

Lymphedema

Answer 18

caused from lymphatic obstruction

Question 19

How are light and touch transmitted?

Answer 19

by fibers in the anterior spinal thalamic tract

-tested by wisp of cotton

Question 20

How are pain and temperature transmitted?

Answer 20

by fibers in the lateral spinal thalamic tract

-pin prick traditionally used

Question 21

How is proprioception transmitted?

Answer 21

fibers run in the dorsal (posterior columns) of the spinal cord.
three components: position sense, vibratory sensation, tactile sense

Question 22

Tactile sense

Answer 22

ability to recognize size, shape, and texture of objects by feeling

Question 23

Stereogenosis

Answer 23

Ability to recognize objects placed in hand

- a proprioceptive function

Question 24

Graphesthesia

Answer 24

ability to recognize numerals or letters traced on the skin

- a proprioceptive function

Question 25

Two point discrimination

Answer 25

ability to distinguish two points simultaneously applied to the skin as distinct from a single point
- a proprioceptive function

Question 26

Romberg

Answer 26

A test of position sense of the posterior columns

Question 27

Nystagmus

Answer 27

rhythmic oscillation of the eyes

• occurs with problems in the inner ear and vestibular nuclei.
  ex. can be drug related Dilantin.

Question 28

Dysdiadochokinesis

Answer 28

inability to stop one movement and follow it immediately by the directly opposite action. Essentially to perform rapid alternating movements smoothly and in coordinated fashion

Question 29

Tremor

Answer 29

Involuntary oscillating movement or trembling in an extremity.
-There are resting, postural, and intention tremors

Question 30

Hemiplegia

Answer 30

paralysis of one side of the body

Question 31

Hemiparesis

Answer 31

weakness on one side of the body

Question 32

Deep Tendon Reflexes

Answer 32

stretch reflexes