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Patho Exam 2 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

_____ pain:

Prickling, stabbing

Carried by myelinated fibers

good localization

A

Fast pain

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2
Q

Refers to localized dilation in a blood vessel wall that can rupture and lead to hemorrhage

A

Aneurysm

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3
Q

Provides a relay station for informatin to and from the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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4
Q

Name the 3 connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS

A
  • Dura Mater
    • double layer membrane surrounding the brain
  • Arachnoid Mater
    • threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)
  • Pia Mater
    • clings tightly to the surface of braine and spinal cord
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5
Q

Cholinergic receptors include _____ and _____

A
  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
    • blocked by atropine
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6
Q

Afferent: _____

Efferent: _____

Somatic _____

Autonomic: _____

A

Afferent: Sensory

Efferent: Motor
Somatic: Voluntary

Autonomic: Involuntary

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7
Q

Unmyelinated fibers

A

slow pain (visceral pain), hot and cold, itch

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8
Q

Intergrate and link information with higher motor neurons, where response can be initiated

A

Association Area

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9
Q

Infection and inflammation of brain tissue or spinal cord

A

Encephalitis

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10
Q

There are four ventricles containing _____

Which ventricle is associated with lumbar punctures

A

There are four ventricles containing CSF

The fourth ventricle connecting the subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord, this is what you obtain during a LP (done at L3/L4)

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11
Q

Sudden focal neurological deficit from a vascular disorder

Nontraumatic disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain

Define Ischemic, Hemorrhagic, TIA

A

Stroke

  • Ischemic: results from obstructed blood flow
    • can lead to ischemia, potentially irreversible necrosis, cerebral infarction
    • results from thrombosis formation or embolism in cerebral vessel
  • Hemorrhagic: results from intracranial hemorrhage
    • occurs deep in the parenchyma or near surface of braine
    • HTN as an underlying cause
  • TIA: due to ischemia
    • short-lived and resolve completely
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12
Q
  • The master gland of body
  • Regulates the pituitary gland
  • Regulates water balance, hunger-satiety cycle, overall metabolism, body temperature
  • Controls Autonomic Nervous System
A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Governs skeletal muscle activity and controls balance and equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

_____ fibers : Ascend the dorsal columns

A

Myelinated fibers ascend the dorsal columns

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15
Q

Activation of an autoimmune response, usually by infection with bacteria (CMV)

Attack and destruction of eripheral nerves involves damage to myelin and can result in paralysis as well as sensory and autonomic disturbances

Most patients fully recover within a year

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

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16
Q

The process by which a neuron conveys information to another cell such as another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland

A

Synaptic Transmission

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17
Q

Ascends contralateral (Crosses at spinal cord at point of entry)

Carry slow pain and temperature information

A

Anteriolateral systems

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18
Q

The functional cells of the nervous sytem that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons

A

Neurons

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19
Q

What is considered a secondary brain injury

A

Occurs as the body responds to a primary injury

Can include:

  • ischemia
    • ​reduces availability of glucose and removal of waste
  • hypoxia
    • ​decreased oxygen
  • increased ICP
    • ​fluid accumulation d/t inflmmatory process
  • edema
    • ​accumulation of fluids
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20
Q

A form of spinal cord injury involving a partial (hemi) transection of the anterior and posterior spinal cord that can result in compromise to PNS function and responses

A

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

  • Lossof voluntary motor function from the corticospinal tract
  • Proprioception loss from ipsilateral side of body
  • contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensations from lateral spinothalamic tracts for all levels below lesion
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21
Q
  • Results in intracranial hemorrhage
  • Osccurs deep in the parenchyma or near surface of the braine
  • often has hypertension as an underlying cause
A

Hemorrhagic stroke

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22
Q

Fast and slow pain (arthritis or a sprained ankle)

A

Deep Somatic Pain

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23
Q

_____:

Slow pain (internal)

(chest pain due to an MI)

A

Visceral

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24
Q

Myotatic or stretch reflexes control the position of the body in space

A

Proprioception

25
**Neurotransmitter; cholinergic transmission**
**Acetylcholine**
26
The disruption of blood flow to the brain causes _____ and neurological dysfunction and include ____ or \_\_\_\_\_
Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD): Disruption of blood flow to the brain causes cerebrovascular brain injury and neurological dysfunction and include TIA's or strokes ## Footnote Causes: hypertension and hyperlipidemia
27
Efferent (motor) PNS * _____ system * skeletal muscle * _____ system * Smooth * Cardiac muscle * Glands
* Somatic * Autonomic
28
**What is the function of the brainstem?**
**Regulates basic and essential functions of the body** * **Forms the reticular formation or reticular activating system (RAS)** * Consciousness, sleep wake cycle, respiratory and cardiovascular control centers
29
Forms of TBI that may be reversible or self-resolving depending upon the severity of the injury
Concussions and Contusions * Concussion * caused by sudden movement of brain as during a sports injury, MVC, fall * Diffuse injury * Cerebral contusion * Bruising of brain tissue
30
What are the four major regions of the brain
* Cerebral hemispheres * Diencephalon * Brain stem * Cerebellum
31
* **Results from obstructed blood flow (thrombus/embolus)** * **Can lead to ischemia, potentially irreversible necrosis, cerebral infarction** * **May also be caused by systemic hypoperfusion (shock)**
**Ischemic Stroke**
32
**What is considered a primary brain injury**
**Refers to the structural damage at the moment of trauma to neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels**
33
Fast myelinated fibers
touch, proprioception, pressure
34
Infection of the meninges
Meningitis Can be caused by bacterial infection or virus
35
**After reaching the _____ the information is transmitted to association areas in the cerebral cortex**
**Somatosensory Cortex**
36
**An afferent neuron and all of the receptors that send information along it**
**Sensory Unit**
37
Inflammatory autoimmune disease that destroys myelin surrounding axons of CNS neurons
Multiple Sclerosis
38
**The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve transmitting to a dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord segment, where we do testing**
**Dermatome**
39
**The brainstem includes the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_**
**Pons and Medulla**
40
A condition characterized by loss of motor neurons
Amyotrphic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
41
The supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facility rapid conduction of an action potential
Schwann cells
42
A state of awareness and orientation to surroundings, and the ability to respond to stimuli
Consciousness
43
The ionic changes that allow conduction of information along the length of the axon
Action potentials
44
**Slow myelinated fibers**
touch, temperature, **fast pain**
45
Ascends ipsilateral (crosses in medulla) Carry proprioception, vibration, deep pressure, touch
Dorsal columns
46
**Degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by movement disorder** **Cause: death of dopamine-producing cells** of the basal ganglia **S/S: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability**, dementia, depression
**Parkinson's Disease**
47
The CNS is protected by what four structures?
Bone Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Blood-Brain barrier
48
Neurons: \_\_\_\_\_ receive stimuli \_\_\_\_\_ contain myelin ("white matter")
* Dendrites receive stimuli * stimuli pass down axons * Schwann cells contain myelin ("white matter") * help increase speed of impulse transmission
49
**Adrenergic receptors include _____ and \_\_\_\_\_**
* **Alpha-adrenergic (vasoconstriction)** * **Beta-adrenergic (vasodilation)** * **blocked by propanolol**
50
The spinal cord relays _____ sensory information to the brain and _____ somatic information from the brain
Afferent; Efferent
51
**\_\_\_\_\_ pain:** **Buring, aching** **Carried by unmyelinated fibers** **Poor localization**
**Slow Pain**
52
TBI may result in _____ into the cranial vault from epidural, subdural, or intracerebral sources
Hemorrhage
53
**Enter the spinal cord or brain and synapses on an interneuron**
**Afferent Neurons**
54
**An area (on the body surface) that sends information along a single afferent neuron**
**Receptive Field**
55
The diencephalon contain the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_
thalamus and hypothalamus
56
* Head injury and subsequent damage to brain, possibly cranial nerves as well * give rise to spinal cord injuries * A major cause of death and disability * Major causes include falls, MVCs, violence * May be closed or open
Traumatic Brain Injury
57
Cerebral Hemispheres and their functions
* Frontal- movement, phonation * Parietal- sensory * Temporal- auditory * long term memory * Occipital- visual * Limbic- emotions * in cerebrum
58
**Neurotransmitter; Adrenergic transmission**
**Norepinephrine**

Patho Exam 2 (6 decks)

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