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Patho Exam 2 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

_____ pain:

Prickling, stabbing

Carried by myelinated fibers

good localization

A

Fast pain

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2
Q

Refers to localized dilation in a blood vessel wall that can rupture and lead to hemorrhage

A

Aneurysm

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3
Q

Provides a relay station for informatin to and from the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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4
Q

Name the 3 connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS

A
  • Dura Mater
    • double layer membrane surrounding the brain
  • Arachnoid Mater
    • threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)
  • Pia Mater
    • clings tightly to the surface of braine and spinal cord
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5
Q

Cholinergic receptors include _____ and _____

A
  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
    • blocked by atropine
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6
Q

Afferent: _____

Efferent: _____

Somatic _____

Autonomic: _____

A

Afferent: Sensory

Efferent: Motor
Somatic: Voluntary

Autonomic: Involuntary

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7
Q

Unmyelinated fibers

A

slow pain (visceral pain), hot and cold, itch

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8
Q

Intergrate and link information with higher motor neurons, where response can be initiated

A

Association Area

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9
Q

Infection and inflammation of brain tissue or spinal cord

A

Encephalitis

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10
Q

There are four ventricles containing _____

Which ventricle is associated with lumbar punctures

A

There are four ventricles containing CSF

The fourth ventricle connecting the subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord, this is what you obtain during a LP (done at L3/L4)

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11
Q

Sudden focal neurological deficit from a vascular disorder

Nontraumatic disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain

Define Ischemic, Hemorrhagic, TIA

A

Stroke

  • Ischemic: results from obstructed blood flow
    • can lead to ischemia, potentially irreversible necrosis, cerebral infarction
    • results from thrombosis formation or embolism in cerebral vessel
  • Hemorrhagic: results from intracranial hemorrhage
    • occurs deep in the parenchyma or near surface of braine
    • HTN as an underlying cause
  • TIA: due to ischemia
    • short-lived and resolve completely
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12
Q
  • The master gland of body
  • Regulates the pituitary gland
  • Regulates water balance, hunger-satiety cycle, overall metabolism, body temperature
  • Controls Autonomic Nervous System
A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Governs skeletal muscle activity and controls balance and equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

_____ fibers : Ascend the dorsal columns

A

Myelinated fibers ascend the dorsal columns

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15
Q

Activation of an autoimmune response, usually by infection with bacteria (CMV)

Attack and destruction of eripheral nerves involves damage to myelin and can result in paralysis as well as sensory and autonomic disturbances

Most patients fully recover within a year

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

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16
Q

The process by which a neuron conveys information to another cell such as another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland

A

Synaptic Transmission

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17
Q

Ascends contralateral (Crosses at spinal cord at point of entry)

Carry slow pain and temperature information

A

Anteriolateral systems

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18
Q

The functional cells of the nervous sytem that contain the cell body, dendrites, and axons

A

Neurons

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19
Q

What is considered a secondary brain injury

A

Occurs as the body responds to a primary injury

Can include:

  • ischemia
    • ​reduces availability of glucose and removal of waste
  • hypoxia
    • ​decreased oxygen
  • increased ICP
    • ​fluid accumulation d/t inflmmatory process
  • edema
    • ​accumulation of fluids
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20
Q

A form of spinal cord injury involving a partial (hemi) transection of the anterior and posterior spinal cord that can result in compromise to PNS function and responses

A

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

  • Lossof voluntary motor function from the corticospinal tract
  • Proprioception loss from ipsilateral side of body
  • contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensations from lateral spinothalamic tracts for all levels below lesion
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21
Q
  • Results in intracranial hemorrhage
  • Osccurs deep in the parenchyma or near surface of the braine
  • often has hypertension as an underlying cause
A

Hemorrhagic stroke

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22
Q

Fast and slow pain (arthritis or a sprained ankle)

A

Deep Somatic Pain

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23
Q

_____:

Slow pain (internal)

(chest pain due to an MI)

A

Visceral

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24
Q

Myotatic or stretch reflexes control the position of the body in space

A

Proprioception

25
Q

Neurotransmitter; cholinergic transmission

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

The disruption of blood flow to the brain causes _____ and neurological dysfunction and include ____ or _____

A

Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD): Disruption of blood flow to the brain causes cerebrovascular brain injury and neurological dysfunction and include TIA’s or strokes

Causes: hypertension and hyperlipidemia

27
Q

Efferent (motor) PNS

  • _____ system
    • skeletal muscle
  • _____ system
    • Smooth
    • Cardiac muscle
    • Glands
A
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
28
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Regulates basic and essential functions of the body

  • Forms the reticular formation or reticular activating system (RAS)
  • Consciousness, sleep wake cycle, respiratory and cardiovascular control centers
29
Q

Forms of TBI that may be reversible or self-resolving depending upon the severity of the injury

A

Concussions and Contusions

  • Concussion
    • caused by sudden movement of brain as during a sports injury, MVC, fall
    • Diffuse injury
  • Cerebral contusion
    • Bruising of brain tissue
30
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain

A
  • Cerebral hemispheres
  • Diencephalon
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
31
Q
  • Results from obstructed blood flow (thrombus/embolus)
  • Can lead to ischemia, potentially irreversible necrosis, cerebral infarction
  • May also be caused by systemic hypoperfusion (shock)
A

Ischemic Stroke

32
Q

What is considered a primary brain injury

A

Refers to the structural damage at the moment of trauma to neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels

33
Q

Fast myelinated fibers

A

touch, proprioception, pressure

34
Q

Infection of the meninges

A

Meningitis

Can be caused by bacterial infection or virus

35
Q

After reaching the _____ the information is transmitted to association areas in the cerebral cortex

A

Somatosensory Cortex

36
Q

An afferent neuron and all of the receptors that send information along it

A

Sensory Unit

37
Q

Inflammatory autoimmune disease that destroys myelin surrounding axons of CNS neurons

A

Multiple Sclerosis

38
Q

The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve transmitting to a dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord segment, where we do testing

39
Q

The brainstem includes the _____ and _____

A

Pons and Medulla

40
Q

A condition characterized by loss of motor neurons

A

Amyotrphic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

41
Q

The supporting cells in the PNS that produce myelin to facility rapid conduction of an action potential

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

A state of awareness and orientation to surroundings, and the ability to respond to stimuli

A

Consciousness

43
Q

The ionic changes that allow conduction of information along the length of the axon

A

Action potentials

44
Q

Slow myelinated fibers

A

touch, temperature, fast pain

45
Q

Ascends ipsilateral (crosses in medulla)

Carry proprioception, vibration, deep pressure, touch

A

Dorsal columns

46
Q

Degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by movement disorder

Cause: death of dopamine-producing cells of the basal ganglia

S/S: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, dementia, depression

A

Parkinson’s Disease

47
Q

The CNS is protected by what four structures?

A

Bone

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood-Brain barrier

48
Q

Neurons:

_____ receive stimuli

_____ contain myelin (“white matter”)

A
  • Dendrites receive stimuli
    • stimuli pass down axons
  • Schwann cells contain myelin (“white matter”)
    • help increase speed of impulse transmission
49
Q

Adrenergic receptors include _____ and _____

A
  • Alpha-adrenergic (vasoconstriction)
  • Beta-adrenergic (vasodilation)
    • blocked by propanolol
50
Q

The spinal cord relays _____ sensory information to the brain and _____ somatic information from the brain

A

Afferent; Efferent

51
Q

_____ pain:

Buring, aching

Carried by unmyelinated fibers

Poor localization

52
Q

TBI may result in _____ into the cranial vault from epidural, subdural, or intracerebral sources

A

Hemorrhage

53
Q

Enter the spinal cord or brain and synapses on an interneuron

A

Afferent Neurons

54
Q

An area (on the body surface) that sends information along a single afferent neuron

A

Receptive Field

55
Q

The diencephalon contain the _____ and _____

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

56
Q
  • Head injury and subsequent damage to brain, possibly cranial nerves as well
  • give rise to spinal cord injuries
  • A major cause of death and disability
  • Major causes include falls, MVCs, violence
  • May be closed or open
A

Traumatic Brain Injury

57
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres and their functions

A
  • Frontal- movement, phonation
  • Parietal- sensory
  • Temporal- auditory
    • long term memory
  • Occipital- visual
  • Limbic- emotions
    • in cerebrum
58
Q

Neurotransmitter; Adrenergic transmission

A

Norepinephrine

Patho Exam 2 (6 decks)

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