Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Peds exam 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

In what trimester is the neuro system formed in utero?

A

1st trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Until what age are the number of glial cells and dendrites developing?

A

4yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Until what age is the brain growing?

A

Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In what direction does myelination occur?

A

Head to toe (cephalocaudal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the primititve reflexes?

A

Rooting, Babinski, Moro, Palmar grasp, Fencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

Babies turn face towards a stimulus and start rooting/sucking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

When foot is firmly stroked, toes flex outwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

When baby feels as if it is falling, extremities fan out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the palmar grasp reflex?

A

When something is placed in newborn’s hand, baby will grasp that object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the fencing reflex?

A

When a baby’s head is turned to one side, the arms and leg of that side are extended and the arms and legs of the opposite side are flexed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

3mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close?

A

18-24mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are possible causes of altered LOC?

A

Hypoxia, trauma, infection, poison, shunt malfunction, seizure, balance disturbances (endocrine, metabolic, electrolyte, acid/base), CNS disorders, structural defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A

A position that may indicated altered LOC d/t injury ABOVE brainstem, extremities brought to the “core” (brought in tight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is decerebrate posturing?

A

A position that indicates altered LOC d/t injury BELOW the brainstem, extremities splayed outwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the early s/s of increased ICP?

A

HA, visual changes, N/V, dizziness, pupils, sunsetting eyes, seizures, bulging fontanel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three categories of the GCS?

A

Eyes, verbal, motor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common neuro dysfunction in kids?

A

Seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are idiopathic seizures?

A

Seizures with unknown cause (not epileptic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the major cause of seizures in newborns?

A

Birth injury (anoxia) or congenital CNS defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the major cause of seizures in infants?

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are absence seizures?

A
  • AKA petit mal
  • Brief loss of consciousness
  • No change in muscle tone
  • Onset @ 4-12yrs
  • No aura
  • Lasts 5-10sec
  • S/s = lip smacking or twitching of eyes
  • Minimal risk of falling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are atonic seizures?

A
  • Sudden loss of muscle tone
  • Onset @ 2-5yrs
  • Possible loss of consciousness
  • Risk of falling (helmet worn often)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are myoclonic seizures?

A
  • Contractions of muscles
  • No loss of consciousness
  • Often occurs when falling asleep
  • May be mistaken for exaggerated startle reflex (test if head can flex, if cannot, may be a myoclonic sz)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A child is wearing a helmet for seizures, what seizures are they most likely experiencing?

A

Atonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of seizures occur most frequently when falling asleep?

A

Myoclonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 types of epilepsy?

A

Partial (focal) seizures, generalized, and ideopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

At what age does epilepsy typically manifest?

A

5-6yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is partial epilepsy?

A
  • No loss of consciousness
  • Sz lasts 30sec
  • Sz occur at any time of day
  • Motor responses involve =1 extremity
  • Can progress to general
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is status epilepticus?

A

Acute sz that lasts >30min (despite medical intervention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What steps are taken during status epilepticus?

A
  • Maintain airway
  • Check electrolytes, glucose, blood gases, temp, BP
  • Administer meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When can a bite block be used during a seizure?

A

If placed before seizure begins (during aura)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

If IV access isn’t available, how can meds be given during status epilepticus?

A

Rectal valium

34
Q

What is the ceiling dose for anti-epileptic meds?

A

None. AEs = RR depression, can maintain respiratory but key is stopping seizure

35
Q

What meds may be used during status epilepticus?

A

Benzos = Valium (rectal or IM) + Ativan + Versed (intranasal); Anticonvulsant = phenytoin (IV)

36
Q

What labs need to be considered for seizure disorders?

A

Glucose, BUN, Ca+2, Na+

37
Q

What diagnostic tests are performed to assess a seizure disorder?

A

EEG, MRI (brain lesions), LP (meningitis)

38
Q

What are common pediatric seizure triggers?

A

Changes in dark-light patterns, loud noises, extreme temp changes, dehydration, fatigue.

39
Q

What age most commonly experiences febrile seizures?

A

6mo-5yr

40
Q

What gender is more likely to experience febrile seizures?

A

Male

41
Q

Are febrile seizures related to the extremity of the temperature or the rate of temp change?

A

Rate of change

42
Q

What is done to tx febrile szs?

A
  • Tx ongoing seizure (Diazepam, rectal)
  • Protect head from injury
  • Call 911 if lasts >5min
  • Reduce fever
  • Evaluate hx for prior sz
43
Q

How do you prevent febrile szs?

A
  • Vigorous tx of fever w/ antipyretics (tylenol, NOT aspirin)
44
Q

What is the “5th day fit”?

A

When dosing long-term phenobarbital for sz control, 5th day fit = random seizure on 5th day of tx after period w/o seizures

45
Q

What is the first line drug for febrile and neonatal seizures?

A

Phenobarbitol (GABAA and Ca+2 channel antagonist)

46
Q

Which anti-sz drug can not be mixed with glucose (D5W, etc.)?

A

Phenytoin (blocks Na+ channels)

47
Q

What is an AE to phenytoin to be aware of?

A

Gingival hyperplasia (gum overgrowth); tx w/ soft toothbrush and regular oral care

48
Q

What is fosphenytoin?

A

A version of phenytoin that can be given with glucose

49
Q

What is a dangerous side effect of valproic acid?

A

Hepatotoxicity (secondary to long-term use); monitor serial LFTs

50
Q

What is the med of choice for status epilepticus?

A

Diazepam (rectally)

51
Q

Which anti-sz meds can be given via IV?

A

Phenobarbital, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, valproic acid, diazepam.

52
Q

What are the side effects of phenytoin?

A

Gingival hyperplasia *, rashes, acne, hirsutism, osteoporosis

53
Q

Which anti-sz meds can be given PO?

A

Phenytoin, valproic acid.

54
Q

Which anti-sz meds can be given IM?

A

Fosphenytoin, diazepam.

55
Q

Which anti-sz med can be given intranasally?

A

Midazolam (Versed)

56
Q

When are anti-sz meds discontinued?

A
  • Seizure free for 2yrs

- Normal EEG

57
Q

Why should anti-sz meds be weaned?

A

Abrupt cessation can trigger bad seizures

58
Q

When should anti-sz meds not be stopped?

A

During puberty

59
Q

What are the components of a seizure assessment?

A
  • WATCH THE CLOCK
  • Airway
  • Maintain safety
  • VS
  • Neuro assessment (pupils, etc.)
60
Q

What education should be given for a child with a seizure disorder?

A
  • Get enough sleep
  • Do not swim alone
  • Limit activity during start of new long-term med
  • Wear ID bracelet
61
Q

What are the s/s of bacterial meningitis in an infant?

A
  • Fever
  • Bulging fontanel
  • Changes in feeding
  • Vomitting
  • Diarrhea
  • Irritable
  • Lethargic
62
Q

What are the s/s of bacterial meningitis in a child?

A
  • Fever
  • Altered LOC
  • Muscle/joint pain
  • URI or GI
  • Irritability
  • Vomit
63
Q

What do you assess for with bacterial meningitis?

A
  • Petechiae (purpura of BLE)
  • HA
  • Photophobia
  • Nuchal rigidity
  • Sz
  • DIC (excess coagulation)
  • Shock
64
Q

How do you assess nuchal rigidity?

A
  • Kernig’s sign (flexing of leg)

- Brudzinski sign neck flexing causes legs to flex)

65
Q

How is bacterial meningitis transmitted?

A

Droplet

66
Q

How is bacterial meningitis definitively diagnosed?

A

LP

67
Q

How is bacterial meningitis of treated?

A

Antibiotics

68
Q

What are the s/s of viral meningitis?

A

Same as bacterial but less severe:

  • Petechiae (purpura of BLE)
  • HA
  • Photophobia
  • Nuchal rigidity
  • Sz
  • DIC (excess coagulation)
  • Shock
69
Q

What is the role of antibiotics with viral meningitis?

A

Antibiotics are dosed until bacterial meningitis can be definitively be ruled out.

70
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of CNS leading to altered brain and spinal cord function.

71
Q

What are the vectors of encephalitis in the US?

A

Ticks and mosquitoes

72
Q

What are the s/s of encephalitis?

A

Bacterial meningitis + speech difficulties

73
Q

What are the s/s of severe encephalitis?

A
  • High fever
  • Occular palsies (1 sided paralysis)
  • Disorientation
  • Coma
  • Seizures
  • Paralysis
74
Q

What tests are diagnostic of encephalitis?

A
  • LP

- EEG

75
Q

How is encephalitis tx?

A

Symptom management (fluids, fever reduction, pain control, seizure control and prevention)

76
Q

How do you differentiate between encephalitis or meningitis?

A

Assess for meningeal irritation- Kernig’s or Brudzinski’s signs

77
Q

What are examples of structural neuro defects?

A
  • Microcephaly
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Carniosynostosis
  • AV malformations
78
Q

What is craniosyntosis?

A

Skull plates misalign and fuse

79
Q

What is AV malformation?

A

Atrial and ventricle miscommunication

80
Q

What are the s/s of AV malformation?

A

Initially asymptomatic, then HA, sz, stroke

Peds exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions