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IPAP Biochem Thompson > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for restoring resting concentrations of Na/K to their respective and opposite sides?

Na on outside
K on inside

A

NA K ATPASE PUMP

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2
Q

What is the trigger levels?

A

-55 mV

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3
Q

What is the maximum membrane potential?

A

30-35 mV

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4
Q

BRiefly talk about the synaptic cleft?

A 
AP comes down,
Releases Ca2+
Exocytosis
Neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft
Hit up post synaptic cell receptors.
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5
Q

Saltatory conduction?

A

Jumping from one node to the next.

Makes it faster

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6
Q

When is the membrane unable to repeat excitation?

A

Refractory peroid

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7
Q

EKG?

A

Sum of all the action potentials as they travel the heart.

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8
Q

Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Progressive and fatal degenerative disease of the brain and leading cause of dementia.

Due to accumulation of amyloid plaques between neurons and neurofibillary tangles NFTS.

NFT is made of 6 isoforms of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins.

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9
Q

DOpamine?

A

Brain and ANS synapses

Generally excitatory

Monoamine

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10
Q

NE/epi?

A

CNS; sympathetic ANS synapses; nearly all tissues

Excitatory/inhibitory

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11
Q

Serotonin

A

CNS

Generally inhibitory

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12
Q

Acetylcholine

A

CNS, neuromuscular junction, many ANS synapses

Excitatory/inhibitory

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13
Q

GABA?

A

Most neurons of CNS

Postsynaptic inhibitoin of brain

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14
Q

Glycine?

A

Spinal cord

POstsynaptic inhibition of spinal cord.

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15
Q

Glutamate and aspartate ?

A

Brain and spinal cord

Excitatory

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16
Q

Endorphins and enkephalins?

A

Widely distributed in CNS/PNS

Generally inhibitory

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17
Q

Substance P?

A

Spinal cord, brain, sensory neurons, and GI tract

Generally excitable.

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18
Q

Dopamine is made from?

A

TYROSINE

Tyrosine hydroxylase…..

19
Q

Dopamine receptor D1?

A

Regulation of growth/development of neurons, behavioral response, and D2 receptor signaling

Gs protein to acitvate adenyl cyclase and cAMP signatling

20
Q

D5 receptor?

A

Controls blood pressue

Gs

21
Q

D2 receptors?

A

Regulation of muscle tone, association with schizophrenia

Gi

22
Q

D3 receptor?

A

Emotions, depression and cognitive thought; also may play a role in drug addiciton and schizophrenia

Gi

23
Q

D4 receptors?

A

Thrill seeking behavior as well as association with schizophrenia

Gi

24
Q

WHat can cause Parkinsons disease?

A

D3 and D4 .

25
Q

Alpha 1 receptors?

A

Located in smooth muscle, eye, lung, blood vessels, gut, and the genitourinary system.

Gq protein that when activated -> leads to Excitation of target cell.

NE BINDS ALPHA 1

26
Q

Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Located chiefly on the presynaptic nerve terminals.

Gi protein. Inhibits cAMP

Produces vasoconstriction.
Reduces sympathetic outflow in the CNS.

EPINEPHRINE BINDS ALPHA 2

27
Q

Adrenergic Beta 1 receptors?

A

Gs protein. Increases cAMP.

Leads to positive chronotropy (heart rate increase), dromotropy (conduction of the impulse through the hearts av node), and inotropy (force of heart contraciton)

28
Q

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Located in smooth muscle.

Gs

EPI

29
Q

Beta 3 adrenergic receptors?

A

Found in fat/adipose tissue.

Gs protein.

NE

30
Q

Serotonin is made from?

A

Tryptophan.

31
Q

Acetylcholine is made from?

A

Acetyl-CoA and Choline mix with Choline acetyltransferase

32
Q

Acute regulation of catecholamines?

A

Innervation from hypothalamus/brain stem

Influx of Ca2+ and stimulates release of catecholamines

Neurosecretory granules.

33
Q

Chronic regulation of catecholamines

A

Prolonged stress and nerve activity.

Hypothalamus releases AcTH….Adrenal cortex involved….PNMT makes NE and increases its output.

34
Q

MG?

A

Myasthenia Gravis
Destruction of postsynaptic Ach recepots at the NMJ. Muscles can’t contracty.

Autoimmune.

Anticholinesterased drugs treat systems by increases number of Ach in junction.

35
Q

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

A

Autoimmune destruction of presynaptic Ca2+ channels.

Strength improves with sustained contraction.

36
Q

Parkinson’s disease?

A

-Brain disorder caused by the destruction of dopamine-producing neurons in the sustantia nigra.

TREMOR, RIGIDITY, SLOWNESS OF MOVEMENT (BRADYKINESIA), and POSTURAL INSTABILITY

37
Q

Glycine?

A

Spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.

Inhibitory

Cl- influx acts as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential and lessens the ability for the occurence of future postsynaptic or motorneuron aciton potentials.

STRYCHNINE IS COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
CAFFEINE IS GLYCINE RECEPTOR INHIBIT.

38
Q

Glutamate?

A

Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS and the most common neurotrasmitter in the brain.

-Always excitatory via glutaminergic receptor.

Many of the drugs of abuse affect wither glutamic acid or gaba or both to exert tranquilizing or stimulating effects on the brains.

39
Q

How to make GABA?

A

Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
GABA

40
Q

GAba A and B receptors?

A

Alpha receptors- opens chloride channels

Beta receptors- second messenger to either open potassium channels or to close calcium channels.

41
Q

Huntington characteristics?

A

GEnetically programmed destruction of neurons in the basal ganglia as well as the cortex.

42
Q

Neuropeptides?

A

NPs are released from large dense core vescles away from the voltage gated Ca2+ channels.

43
Q

Eating disorders?

A

Satiety center of the brain in the lateral aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamus.
-Medial aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates lateral aspect.

IPAP Biochem Thompson (4 decks)

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