Neuro Flashcards
What is responsible for restoring resting concentrations of Na/K to their respective and opposite sides?
Na on outside
K on inside
NA K ATPASE PUMP
What is the trigger levels?
-55 mV
What is the maximum membrane potential?
30-35 mV
BRiefly talk about the synaptic cleft?
AP comes down, Releases Ca2+ Exocytosis Neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft Hit up post synaptic cell receptors.
Saltatory conduction?
Jumping from one node to the next.
Makes it faster
When is the membrane unable to repeat excitation?
Refractory peroid
EKG?
Sum of all the action potentials as they travel the heart.
Alzheimer’s disease?
Progressive and fatal degenerative disease of the brain and leading cause of dementia.
Due to accumulation of amyloid plaques between neurons and neurofibillary tangles NFTS.
NFT is made of 6 isoforms of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins.
DOpamine?
Brain and ANS synapses
Generally excitatory
Monoamine
NE/epi?
CNS; sympathetic ANS synapses; nearly all tissues
Excitatory/inhibitory
Serotonin
CNS
Generally inhibitory
Acetylcholine
CNS, neuromuscular junction, many ANS synapses
Excitatory/inhibitory
GABA?
Most neurons of CNS
Postsynaptic inhibitoin of brain
Glycine?
Spinal cord
POstsynaptic inhibition of spinal cord.
Glutamate and aspartate ?
Brain and spinal cord
Excitatory
Endorphins and enkephalins?
Widely distributed in CNS/PNS
Generally inhibitory
Substance P?
Spinal cord, brain, sensory neurons, and GI tract
Generally excitable.
Dopamine is made from?
TYROSINE
Tyrosine hydroxylase…..
Dopamine receptor D1?
Regulation of growth/development of neurons, behavioral response, and D2 receptor signaling
Gs protein to acitvate adenyl cyclase and cAMP signatling
D5 receptor?
Controls blood pressue
Gs
D2 receptors?
Regulation of muscle tone, association with schizophrenia
Gi
D3 receptor?
Emotions, depression and cognitive thought; also may play a role in drug addiciton and schizophrenia
Gi
D4 receptors?
Thrill seeking behavior as well as association with schizophrenia
Gi
WHat can cause Parkinsons disease?
D3 and D4 .
Alpha 1 receptors?
Located in smooth muscle, eye, lung, blood vessels, gut, and the genitourinary system.
Gq protein that when activated -> leads to Excitation of target cell.
NE BINDS ALPHA 1
Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?
Located chiefly on the presynaptic nerve terminals.
Gi protein. Inhibits cAMP
Produces vasoconstriction.
Reduces sympathetic outflow in the CNS.
EPINEPHRINE BINDS ALPHA 2
Adrenergic Beta 1 receptors?
Gs protein. Increases cAMP.
Leads to positive chronotropy (heart rate increase), dromotropy (conduction of the impulse through the hearts av node), and inotropy (force of heart contraciton)
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
Located in smooth muscle.
Gs
EPI
Beta 3 adrenergic receptors?
Found in fat/adipose tissue.
Gs protein.
NE
Serotonin is made from?
Tryptophan.
Acetylcholine is made from?
Acetyl-CoA and Choline mix with Choline acetyltransferase
Acute regulation of catecholamines?
Innervation from hypothalamus/brain stem
Influx of Ca2+ and stimulates release of catecholamines
Neurosecretory granules.
Chronic regulation of catecholamines
Prolonged stress and nerve activity.
Hypothalamus releases AcTH….Adrenal cortex involved….PNMT makes NE and increases its output.
MG?
Myasthenia Gravis
Destruction of postsynaptic Ach recepots at the NMJ. Muscles can’t contracty.
Autoimmune.
Anticholinesterased drugs treat systems by increases number of Ach in junction.
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Autoimmune destruction of presynaptic Ca2+ channels.
Strength improves with sustained contraction.
Parkinson’s disease?
-Brain disorder caused by the destruction of dopamine-producing neurons in the sustantia nigra.
TREMOR, RIGIDITY, SLOWNESS OF MOVEMENT (BRADYKINESIA), and POSTURAL INSTABILITY
Glycine?
Spinal cord, brainstem, and retina.
Inhibitory
Cl- influx acts as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential and lessens the ability for the occurence of future postsynaptic or motorneuron aciton potentials.
STRYCHNINE IS COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR
CAFFEINE IS GLYCINE RECEPTOR INHIBIT.
Glutamate?
Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS and the most common neurotrasmitter in the brain.
-Always excitatory via glutaminergic receptor.
Many of the drugs of abuse affect wither glutamic acid or gaba or both to exert tranquilizing or stimulating effects on the brains.
How to make GABA?
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
GABA
GAba A and B receptors?
Alpha receptors- opens chloride channels
Beta receptors- second messenger to either open potassium channels or to close calcium channels.
Huntington characteristics?
GEnetically programmed destruction of neurons in the basal ganglia as well as the cortex.
Neuropeptides?
NPs are released from large dense core vescles away from the voltage gated Ca2+ channels.
Eating disorders?
Satiety center of the brain in the lateral aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamus.
-Medial aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamus regulates lateral aspect.
