Neuro Flashcards
What brain structure regulates your circadian rhythm and internal clock?
Epithalamus- Part of Diencephalon
What does Temporal lobe do?
Primary olfactory
Primary auditory
Impairment= Aggression, antisocial.
Impairment= Receptive Aphasia
What does Parietal lobe do?
Primary touch and kinesthesia
Language comprehension
Impairment= contralateral sensory deficits
What is the function of the Epithalamus?
Pineal gland: melatonin and sleep regulation.
What is the function of the subthalamus?
Regulate movements produced by skeletal muscles/
What are the structures of the Rhombencephalon, aka hindbrain?
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
What is the function of the Pons?
Between the midbrain and medulla oblongata, the Pons regulates respiration rate and orientation of the head to visual and auditory stimuli.
CN: V, VI, VII, VIII
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulochocular
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Regulates respiration rate and heart rate.
Medulla contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
Impairment: contralateral motor impairments.
CN IX, X, XI, XII
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Hypoglossal
Accessory
Superior gemelli vs Inferior gemelli
And Obterator internus
action and nerve
Both gemelli perform the same action of External rotation
Sacral plexus innervation by L5, S1, S2
Obturator internus runs between them both
It also performs ER, but also performs abduction
Sacral plexus innervation by L5, S1, S2 as well
What is the compartment of the leg and the action & innervation of Peroneous longus and Peroneous brevis?
LATERAL compartment of the leg *
For Plantar flexion
For Eversion
Superficial peroneal nerve
Pectineus OINA
The pectineus muscle (from the Latin word pecten, meaning comb) is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior (front) part of the upper and medial (inner) aspect of the thigh.
Primary function is hip flexion.
The most anterior adductor and internally rotates the thigh.
Adductor longus, brevis, magnus
OINA
Obturator Nerve
Adductor longus and brevis are close together (Anterior compartments of hip), they produce adduction and flexion
Adductor Magnus has two portions (Medial and Posterior compartments) is flexion and extension with adduction.
Obturator externus
OINA
Obturator nerve
Originates from anterior face of the inferior pubic rami, curving around to attach on the posterior face of the trochanteric fossa of the femur.- hence external rotation
Adduction & External rotation
What is the differences between Obturator internus and externus. What is the OINA differences
Both external rotation.
Obturator externus = + ABDuction, with obturator nerve. A specific nerve from the spinal cord. Externus originates anterior and goes posterior.
Obturator internus = + ADDuction, a nerve off the sacral plexus. Internus originates posterior and attaches posterior.
Chorea Description
Affected brain structures and etiology
Hyperkinesia with brief, irregular rapid contractions.
Not as fast as myoclonic jerks.
Secondary to caudate nucleus damage.
Ballism is chorea, but includes choreic jerks of large amplitude.
Ballism is flailing movements of the limbs. Usually the result of subthalamic nucleus damange.
Huntington’s disease is associated with chorea.
Dystonia Description
Etiologies and affected structures
Sustained muscle contractions that frequently causes twisting, abnormal postures, and repetitive movements. All muscles can be affected.
Often acceuntuated with volitional movement.
Etiologies genetic, environmental, medication, etc.
Common: Parkinson’s, Cerebral Palsy, Encephalitis.
Athetosis Description
Etiologies and affected structures
Slow twisting, writhing in large amplitude.
Face, tongue, trunk, and extremities.
Brief motions cause chorea.
Sustained movements cause dystonia.
Associated with spasticity.
Common in: Cerebral palsy, secondary to basal ganglia pathology.
Akinesia is commonly seen in what population?
Parkinson’s disease, since Akinesia is inability to initiate movement.
What is the VSR reflex?
Vestibulospinal reflex: VSR attempts to stabilize body and control movement. Assists with stability while head is moving, as well as coordination of the trunk during upright postrues.
What is the suspensory strategy
Suspensory strategy is used to lower the COG during standing or ambulation to beter contorl the center of gravity.
This is crouching and squatting.
Peripheral vertigo characteristics
Duration
Symptoms
Short burst episodes
Autonomic symptoms
Precipitating factors
Pallor, sweating, Nausea, Vomiting
Auditory fullness
Tinnitus
Central vertigo characteristics
Duration
Symptoms
Autonomic symptoms less severe in central vertigo than peripheral vertigo
Loss of conciousness
Neurological symptoms: diplopia, hemianopsia, weakness, numbness, ataxia, dysarthria
Etiology of peripheral vertigo
BPPV Meniere's Infection Trauma Drunk Diabetes DM
Etiology of central vertigo
Multiple sclerosis
Meningitis
Migrane headache
Cerebellar degeneration
What are the two types of fluent aphasia?
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
What’s the difference between Wernicke’s Aphasia and Conduction Aphasia?
Conduction Aphasia lesion is at supermarginal gyrus, arcuate fasciculus. It has intact fluency and good comprehension.
Wernicke’s has impaired comprehension, while conduction does not.
Wernicke has both impaired reading and writing.
Conduction has reading intact, but writing impaired
What are four types of nonfluent aphasia?
Broca’s- Intact comprehension
Global- Impaired comprehension. Verbalizes, but usually with impaired context.
Verbal- This is caused by motor planning. found on left frontal lobe adjacent to Broca’s area.
Dysarthria
Which muscles are more effected in Myasthenia Gravis? Proximal or Distal?
Strangely, Proximal more than distal
What do you have to do for myasthenia gravis as precautions for homecare and what do you look out for?
Respiratory baseline and neurological status
Monitor respiration muscles.
HR only about 20-30 beats from resting baseline.
Observe for myasthenia crisis- respiratory difficulty, swallowing issues, and labored talking and chewing.
Avoid strenuous exercise.
—> This can worsen symptoms
Fall prevention
Use dollar per day rule.
Plan to exercise when pt. is at peak of pyridostigmine.
Moderate intensity only. Residual soreness is okay, but only mild soreness.
What causes Myasthenia Gravis?
Autoimmune destruction via antibody attack on neuromuscular junction receptors.
What are the arteries in the circle of willis
Anterior cerebral Posterior cerebral Posterior communicating Middle cerebral basilar Internal carotid connected between the anterior cerebral and posterior communicating
What does the circle of willis look like?
Anterior cerebral on top as a base of a triangle, connected by two posterior communicating arteries like the diagonals of an isocelese triangle. the the vertex of by the base of the anterior cerebral arteries is middle cerebral artery.
The basilar connects to the point of the posterior communicating artery.
The posterior cerebral also connects to this point
