Neuro Flashcards
CNS involvement: WHERE + symptoms
-
Upper motor neuron: Sx in face, arm, leg
- Stroke, brain, neoplasm
-
Spinal cord: BL, sensory level, brisk reflexes
- transverse myelitis
- *always consider bowel and bladder w/spinal cord!
PNS involvement: WHERE + symptoms
- Radicular pattern: dermatome, e.g., shingle, radiculopathy. Radiculopathy changes with position!
- Neuropathy: Localized to distribution of nerve, weakness, loss of sensation, e.g., carpal tunnel
- Polymyositis: localized to muscle, muscle tenderness. E.g., statin myopathy
2 main questions for yourself when pt presents with a HA
- Primary vs secondary
- Dangerous to wait?
Examples of primary HAs
- Migraine
- Cluster headache
- Autonomic cephalgia
- Tension Type Headache
- Chronic daily Headache
- HA syndrome associated
Examples of secondary HAs
- Giant cell arteritis
- Brain infections
- Brain hemorrhage
- Idiopathic, intracranial HTN
- Low CSF pressure
- Car accidents – HA s/t muscle spasms
Sx & diagnostics of low CSF pressure HA
- Severe throbbing HA w/bending, lying down
- Nausea
- Normal neuro
- Possible CSF rhinorrhea
- May happen s/t car accidents, surgeries
- Imaging: cerebellum going into foramen magnum. CSF pressure is low, so brain sinks when stand.
Tx for Low CSF pressure HA
- Look for CSF leak (often cannot find)
- May heal on their own
- Managed w/pain meds
Cluster HA and gender
More women than men
BUT if men have HA, more likely to be cluster
Why do people often have visual symptoms (e.g., stars, black, flashes) before syncope?
Retina is highly vascular and metabolic, senses any difference in circulation
Types of partial seizures
Simple partial, complex partial, partial seizures with secondary generalization
Types of Generalized seizures
- Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
- Absence (petit mal)
- Myoclonic
S/S of stroke
- Sudden numbness or weakness of the leg, arm, or face
- Sudden confusion or trouble understanding
- Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes (amaurosis fugax – carotid artery plaque lands in central retinal artery then body clears)
- Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination (brain hemorrhage)
- Sudden severe HA w/no known cause
2 types of stroke
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic: sudden is almost always vascular
Multiple mechanisms of stroke
4 cardinal signs of parkinsonism
- TREMOR
- Bradykinesia: most disabling
- Rigidity
- postural instability: late sign
Need 2 for Dx
3 clinical types of multiple sclerosis
- Relapsing
- secondary progressive: more insidious
- primary progressive: chronically progressive from onset