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Anatomy 2 Test 3 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Trigeminal Mesencephalic Nucleus

A

heavily myelinated fibers
homologue of posterior column-medial lemniscal system
proprioception

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2
Q

Trigeminal Principal Sensory Nucleus

A

heavily myelinated fibers
homologue of posterior column-medial lemniscal system
discriminative touch

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3
Q

Trigeminal Spinal Nucleus

A

LIGHTLY myelinated fibers
homologue of anterolateral system
pain, crude touch, temperature

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4
Q

Jaw Reflex - Input

A

proprioception from jaw muscles to mesencephalic nucleus
tactile info from food in mouth to principal sensory nucleus
pain info to trigeminal spinal nucleus

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5
Q

Jaw Reflex - Output

A

to muscles of mastication

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6
Q

Jaw Closing Reflex

A

caused by food in contact with oral membranes

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7
Q

Jaw Opening Reflex

A

periodontal afferent fibers activated by dental occlusion

pain afferent fibers from mucosal membranes

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8
Q

Corneal stimulation reflex

A

trigeminal nerve,

projects to: principal sensory nucleus, trigeminal spinal nucleus (relays bilaterally to facial nucleus to close eye)

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9
Q

Direct vs. Consensual corneal reflex

A

direct: corneal stimulation closes ipsilateral eye
consensual: corneal stimulation closes contralateral eye

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10
Q

CN 7 SVE

A

muscles of facial expression

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11
Q

CN 7 GVE

A

parasympathetic - superior salivatory nucleus
submandibular gang. - salivation
pterygopalatine gang. - lacrimation

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12
Q

CN 7 GSA

A

skin of ear - touch

geniculate gang. - trigeminal spinal nucleus

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13
Q

CN 7 SVA

A

taste, anterior 2/3 tongue

geniculate gang. - solitary nucleus

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14
Q

CN 7 GVA

A

visceral sensibility - tonsils, posterior nasal cavity

geniculate gang. - solitary nucleus

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15
Q

Bell’s Palsy (4 symptoms)

A

facial nerve paralysis:

  1. iritation of cornea
  2. paralysis of facial muscles above and below eye (on side of lesion)
  3. hyperacusis
  4. reduced lacrimation and salivation
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16
Q

Supranuclear lesion

A
  • Paralysis (paresis) of muscles of facial expression below level of the eye
    • opposite side of lesion
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17
Q

crocodile tears

A

unilateral tearing seen in anticipation of (and during) meals
- caused by re-routing of parasympathetic fibers that went to submand. gang. now go to pterygopalatine gang.

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18
Q

inflammatory pain vs. chronic pain

A

inflammatory: peripheral nerve sensitization
chronic: astrocyte and microglial sensitization of interneurons

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19
Q

CN 5 SVE

A

trigeminal motor nucleus to muscles of mastication

function: jaw closure
lesion: weakened jaw closure, deviation toward side of lesion during jaw opening

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20
Q

CN 5 GSA (e)

A

serves: face, oral cavity, teeth, meninges
from trigeminal gang. to trigeminal spinal nucleus (pain, crude touch, temp) and principal sensory nucleus (vibration, discriminative touch)

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21
Q

CN 5 GSA (p)

A

proprioception
from mesencephalic nucleus to:
- motor nucleus (jaw jerk reflex)
- supratrigeminal nucleus (chewing movements)

22
Q

trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)

A

excruciating lancing pain, trigger point

23
Q

trigeminal ascending projections

A

From: Trigeminal spinal nucleus
From: Trigeminal pontine (principal) sensory nucleus
- To: Ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus (VPM)
- Internal capsule
- Postcentral gyrus parietal lobe (Brodmann’s areas 1, 2 & 3)

24
Q

parkinson’s disease is associated with what?

A

bleached out substantia nigra (dopaminergic projections)

25
Q

serotonin is associated with?

A

serotonergic nuclei in the raphe nuclei that project to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex

26
Q

dopamine is associated with?

A

substantia nigra (basal ganglia/motor activity) and ventral tegmental area (limbic system)

27
Q

norepinephrine is associated with?

A
  • solitary nucleus (medulla)

- locus ceruleus (cortex and brainstem) and ventrolateral medulla (spinal cord) - rostral pons

28
Q

acetylcholine is associated with?

A 
basal forebrain (basal nucleus), alzheimers
dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
29
Q

ascending reticular activating system

A

NE (locus ceruleus), serotonin (raphe nuclei) and Ach (dorsolateral pontine tegmentum) stimulate preoptic area

  • inhibited by anterior hypothalamus
  • when inhibited (aka, ant. hypothalamus active) = sleep
  • when active (ant. hypothalamus inactive) = awake
30
Q

what are pattern generators (and examples)

A

generate precalculated, rhythmic motor patters:

  1. gaze centers (midbrain vertical; pontine horizontal)
  2. mastication
  3. locomotion
  4. heart rate
  5. respiration
  6. swallowing/vomiting
31
Q

periaqueductal gray - input?

A
  • ascending input from sensory system

- descending input from limbic system

32
Q

periaqueductal gray - output?

A
  • to lower brainstem retiular formation (nucleus raphe magnus)
33
Q

periaqueductal gray - activity?

A
  • blocks pain, regulates heart rate and breathing, initiates defensive and reproductive behavior
34
Q

subdivisions of the cerebellum

A

(from midline outward)

  • vestibulocerebellum (contains flocculonodular lobe, vermis/fastigial nucleus)
  • spinocerebellum (paravermal area/interposed nucleus)
  • pontocerebellum (lateral hemisphere/dentate nucleus)
35
Q

vestibulocerebellum - input

A

vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei

36
Q

vestibulocerebelllum - output

A

vestibular nuclei, oculomotor system in brainstem

37
Q

vestibulocerebellum - lesion

A
  1. nystagmus (back and forth eye movements) - watch my finger test
  2. truncal ataxia (disturbances in balance while seated)
38
Q

spinocerebellum - input and output

A

input: spinal cord
output: red nucleus, rubrospinal/reticulospinal tracts

39
Q

spinocerebellum - lesion

A

stance and gait ataxia - walk a straight line test

40
Q

pontocerebellum - input and output

A

input: motor cortex
output: thalamus (VL/VA) to motor cortex

41
Q

pontocerebellum - lesion

A

arm and speech involvement:

  • intention tremor
  • Dysdiadochokinesia - rapid alternating movements
  • dysmetria - finger-to-nose test
  • dysarthria - scanning or explosive speech
  • slurred speech test
42
Q

what is an essential tremor?

A
  • 4-10 hz
  • genetic/familial
  • accentuated by stress and/or alcohol
    “what does a martini do to the olive”
    • increased activity in inferior olive with tremors
    • dysfunction of electrical synapses in inferior olive
43
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A
  • Compulsive manual manipulation of objects
  • Insatiable appetite (eats anything, cardboard, etc)
  • Sexual exhibitionism with frequent masturbation
  • Severe amnesia - both before & after surgery
  • Complete loss of aggressive behavior
44
Q

pathway of hippocampal connections

A
  1. input from sensory cortices
  2. thru entorhinal cortex (area 28)
  3. thru subiculum
  4. thru dentate gyrus to hippocampus proper
  5. divides to fimbria of fornix and back out following input pathway to sensory cortices

SUMMARY:

  1. sensory signals enter thru entorhinal cortex to hippocampus
  2. memory of sensation exits thru same pathway out from hippocampus thru entorhinal cortex
45
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe - function

A

receives processed input reflecting immediate surroundings.

  • entorhinal cortex: grid cells (map of environment)
  • hippocampus: place cells (location centered within restricted environment)
46
Q

hypothalamus - input

A
  • afferent autonomic signals from brainstem levels
  • retina
  • limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala)
47
Q

hypothalamus - output

A
  • pituitary gland (endocrine control)

- multisynaptic descending pathways (autonomic control)

48
Q

hypothalamus - function

A

ensures survival of individual and species

49
Q

Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei

A
  • project to posterior pituitary
  • release oxytocin and vasopressin
  • “love hormone”
50
Q

ventromedial nucleus

A
  • lesion due to craniopharyngioma causes hyperphagia

- irritation of ventromedial nucleus causes anorexia

51
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  • receives retinal input

- sets body’s 24 hour clock

Anatomy 2 Test 3 (1 decks)

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