Neuro 2

Question 1

All of the receptors monoamines act on are metabotropic except for which receptor?

Answer 1

5HT3 receptor

Question 2

Are dopamine and serotonin excitatory or inhibiatory?

Answer 2

inhibitory

Question 3

Does dopamine have slow or fast inhibitory action?

Answer 3

slow

Question 4

What are the two major dopamine pathways?

Answer 4

1. substania nigra to the neostriatum
2. ventral tagmental region to limbic structures

Question 5

two categories of dopamine receptors?

Answer 5

D1 like (D1 & D5)
D2 like (D2 D3 D4)

Question 6

are dopamine receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

Answer 6

metabotropic

Question 7

What are the two ways NE works?

Answer 7

Indirectly - disinhibition of local circuit neurons

direct - blockade of K conductance (that would hyperpolarize) (alpha1 and beta2)

Question 8

Does NE act on ionotropic or metabotropic receptors?

Answer 8

metabotopic

Question 9

How does serotonin cause inhibition?

Answer 9

membrane hyper polarization by an increase in K conductance

Question 10

Are 5HT receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

Answer 10

all metabotropic except of the 5HT3 receptor which is ionotropic

Question 11

What functions does serotonin affect?

Answer 11

regulatory functions like sleep, temp, appetite, and neuroendocrine control

Question 12

Is serotonin contained in myelinated or unmyelinated neurons?

Answer 12

unmyelinated neurons that diffuse most regions of CNS

Question 13

Characteristics of 5HT3 receptor

Answer 13

excitatory effects are very limited number of sites in CNS

Question 14

Name 3 additional neurotransmitters

Answer 14

peptides
NO
endocannabinoids

Question 15

Name some peptides

Answer 15

opioid peptides
neurotensin
substance P
somatostatin
cholecystokinin
vasoactive intestinal peptide
neuropeptide Y
thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Question 16

Does CNS have a substantial amount of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

Describe process of NO formation

Answer 17

calcium-calmodulin and NMDA receptors activate NOS > ^ intracellular Ca > generation of NO

Question 18

is NO stored?

Answer 18

no it is synthesized on demand and immediately diffuses to neighboring cells

Question 19

what is possibly responsible for long term depression of synaptic transmission in the cerebellum?

Answer 19

NO

Question 20

how to endocannabinoids function?

Answer 20

as retrograde synaptic messengers, bind CB1 receptors on pre-synaptic membrane and suppress transmitter release.

Question 21

physiologic effects of endocannabinoids?

Answer 21

affect memory, cognition, and pain perception

Question 22

Alcohol is what type of drug?

Answer 22

sedative-hypnotic with low potency

Question 23

most commonly abused drug in the world?

Answer 23

alcohol

Question 24

what is alcohol abuse?

Answer 24

using it in dangerous situations or continuing to drink despite adverse consequences

Question 25

what is alcohol dependance?

Answer 25

abuse plus tolerance to alcohol

S/S of withdrawal

inability to control consumption/ obtaining alcohol and consuming it is primary purpose

Question 26

how many people have alcohol use disorder?

Answer 26

8%

Question 27

Types of alcohols?

Answer 27

ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol

Question 28

is ethanol water soluble?

Answer 28

yes small water soluble molecule

Question 29

where is ethanol absorbed?

Answer 29

quickly in GI tract

Question 30

how fast are peak concentrations of ethanol reached?

Answer 30

30min

Question 31

do women have greater peak concentrations of ethanol than men?

Answer 31

yes

bc lower total body water
differences in first pas metabolism

Question 32

where is ethanol oxidized?

Answer 32

90% in liver

rest in lungs and in urine

Question 33

primary metabolism of ethanol involves what enzyme?

Answer 33

alcohol dehydrogenase

genetic variations of this enzyme affect metabolism and vulnerability to alcohol disorders

Question 34

in what part of body do ethanol concentrations peak?

Answer 34

brain because it gets a lot of blood flow

Question 35

simple explanation of ethanol metabolism?

Answer 35

ethanol broken down to acetaldehyde by both alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Acetaldehyde broken down to Acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 36

Where does fomepizole work?

Answer 36

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 37

where does disulfiram work

Answer 37

inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 38

fomepizole inhbits what?

Answer 38

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 39

disulfiram inhibits what?

Answer 39

aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 40

what does disulfiram cause if you keep drinking?

Answer 40

extreme discomfort, N/V, throbbing headache, sweating, hypotension, confusion for30min to hours

Question 41

random facts about disulfiram?

Answer 41

no longer commonly used, quick absorption and slow elimination, alcohol is still metabolized but acetaldehyde builds up

Question 42

Disulfiram inhibits actions of what other meds?

Answer 42

phenytoin
oral anti-coags
isoniazid

Question 43

How does naltrexone work?

Answer 43

long acting mu opioid receptors antagonist

Question 44

in what two situations do you not give naltrexone?

Answer 44

pt taking disulfiram

pt with chronic opioid dependance

Question 45

what drug blocks self administration of alcohol?

Answer 45

naltrexone

Question 46

3 main meds to treat alcoholism (not toxicity)?

Answer 46

disulfiram
naltrexone
Acomprosate

Question 47

off label meds to treat alcoholism?

Answer 47

ondansetron (zofran)
topiramate (topamax)
baclofen

Question 48

Acomprosate

Answer 48

used in europe
no statistically significat effects alone or with naltrexone

Question 49

general symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

Answer 49

motor agitation, insomnia, reduction of seizure threshold

Question 50

symptoms of alcohol withdrawal in first 6-8 hrs?

Answer 50

HTN, tremor, anxiety, insomnia

usually lessen after 1-2 days