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OS1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

End of spinal cord

A

L1-L2

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2
Q

Cervical Vertebra

A

C1-C7

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3
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

A

T1-T12

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4
Q

Lumbar Vertebra

A

L1-L5

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5
Q

Saccral Vertebra

A

S1-S5

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6
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

C5-T1

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7
Q

Lumbo-sacral Enlargement

A

L1-S2

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8
Q

What arteries would affect the internal Capsule?

A

Lenticulostriate off MCA

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9
Q

Mid brain structure that contributes to the basal ganglia pathway

A

Substantia nigra

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10
Q

What structure in the brain cordinates the item with the context

A

Hippocampus

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11
Q

What structure in the brain computes the item and context SEPARATELY by using information from the association ctx

A

Parahippocampus

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12
Q

Facts of Declarative memory are stored and processed where?

A

Processed: Association Cortex & Hippocampus
Stored: Association Cortex
fACts
AC = association cortex in each

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13
Q

Events of Declarative memory are stored and processed where?

A

Processed: Hippocampus
Stored: Hippocampus & Association Cortex

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14
Q

Hypothalamus Regulates

A 
Blood Osmolarity (Thirst = ADH / No thirst = Oxytocin)
Blood Volume
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Homeostasis
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15
Q

Hypothalamus Responds to Stress by releasing

A 
Glucocorticoids
Glycogen storage decreses
HR incresaes
Blood pressure Increases
Immune response decreases
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16
Q

Three methods for consensual eye action

A
  1. Optic Chiasm
  2. Pretectal Nuclei projecting to contralateral Edinger Westphal
  3. Pretectal Nuclei projecting to both Edinger Westphal
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17
Q

Track of sympathetics to Eye

A
  1. 1st neuron starts in hypothalamus and synapses in intermediolateral column of spinal cord
  2. 2nd neuron leaves via ventral horn to sympathetic trunk and synapses in superior cervical ganglion
  3. 3rd neuron merge with the long cilliary via V3
    3rd neurons are noradrenergic

DO NOT SYNAPSE IN CILIARY GANGLION

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18
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis (no sweating)
Heterochromia

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19
Q

Which reflex is involved in balancing the body?

A

Cortico-spinal reflex

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20
Q

Which reflex is involving when the body is falling?

A

Vestibulo-spinal

Puts out hand to brace fall

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21
Q

Difference between feed forward and feed back control

A

Feed forward is a proactive response to an incoming stimuli
Feed back is like a reflex
NB: both forward and back are learned and improved over time.

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22
Q

Second Order Neurons from the cortico-rubro-spinal tract synapse on

A

Interneurons only

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23
Q

Where is CSF

A

subarachnoid

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24
Q

Layers of Cerebral Cortex (From outside in)

A

I: Molecular Layer: terminal branches
II: External Granular: Small Pyramidal
III: External Pyramidal: Medium Pyramidal
IV: Internal Granular: Astrocytes
V: Internal Pyramidal: Large Pyramidal
VI: Polymorphic: Interneurons, dendrites, pyramidal

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25
Q

What are Nissl Bodies?

A

Clusters of rough ER in the caudal part of the Neuron.

Nissle bodies are NOT found in the Axon or axon hillock

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26
Q

Layers of Cerebellar Cortex?

A

I. Molecular Layer: Stellate and basket cells
II: Purkinje Layer: Dendrites in molecular layer with axons passing into white matter
III: Granule Layer: Small neurons that project to I

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27
Q

Purkinje Cells indicate

A

Cerebellum

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28
Q

Satelite Cells surround

A

Dorsal Ganglion Cell bodies in the PNS

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29
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts

A

Provide Nutrients to access the axon despite being highly myleninated

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30
Q

Merkel’s Disc

A

Located on Rete Pegs
Slowly adapting
Senses static pressure

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31
Q

Paccinian Corpuscle

A

Located in Dermis/ Epidermis
Quickly adapting
Sesnse pressure vibration

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32
Q

Meissner Corpuscle

A

Located in Papillary layer of epidermis
Quickly adapting
Senses pressure and vibration

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33
Q

Enzyme that converts histidine to histamine

A

histidine decarboxylase

34
Q

Enzyme that breaksdwon histamine

A

MAO

No neuron specific uptake of either histidine or histamine

35
Q

Transporter of ACh into vessicle?

A

VACh

36
Q

Reuptake of Choline

A

ChT

Using Na+ cotransport

37
Q

Transporter of GABA into vessicle

A

VIATT

38
Q

Reuptake of GABA

A

GAT

39
Q

Enzyme that converts Glutamic Acid to GABA

A

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

Requires Vit B6

40
Q

Enzyme that converts serine to glycine

A

SHMT

41
Q

Transporter of glycine into vesicle

A

VIATT

42
Q

Reuptake of Glycine

A

GlyT1 (astrocytes)

GlyT2 (pre-synaptic cell)

43
Q

Rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

A

Tyrosine to Dopa via Tyrosine Hydroxylase

44
Q

Effects of Cocaine

A

Blocks DAT and NET
i.e. reuptake of Dopamine
blocks reuptake of Noraepinephrine and Dopa via NET

45
Q

Reuptake of Serotonin

A

SERT

46
Q

Packaging of Serotonin into vessicles

A

VMATT

47
Q

Key differences between peptides and small molecule NT

A

peptides are much larger.
Are formed as pre-propeptides that are inactive
Peptides must be formed in the cell soma, while Small NT can be formed at the nerve terminal

48
Q

Peptides are found in

A

Large Dense Core Vessicles

49
Q

What SNAP binds to Ca2+ CHANNELS

A

Syntaxin

50
Q

Which two fascial layers in the Danger Space between?

A

Retrovisceral/ Retropharyngeal and Prevertebral

51
Q

posterior superior temporal gyrus involved in?

A

Recognition of Syllable Elements

52
Q

posterior medial temporal gyrus

A

Recognition of lexical and grammer

53
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Left severance of arcuate fibers between Broca’s Area and Wernike’s Area.
Patient can talk fluently and understand however they make many mistakes and try to correct themselves.

54
Q

Stages of Sleep

A

Stage I: Drowsy
Stage II: Light Sleep, presence of sleep spindles
Stage III: increasing slow waves
Stage IV: increasing slow waves (slow wave sleep)
REM: looks like awake EEG

55
Q

Which stage of sleep has delta waves?

A

Deep Sleep

Stage IV

56
Q

What nucleus inhibits muscle movement during sleep?

A

Pontine Reticular Formation (PRF)

GABAergic neurons

57
Q

Which stage of sleep has alpha waves?

A

Drowsy sleep

Stage I

58
Q

Where in the brainstem is the inferior salivatory nuclues

A

Medulla

59
Q

Where in the brainstem is the superior salivatory nucleus

A

Pons

60
Q

Superior Colliculus indicates

A

Rostral Midbrain

61
Q

Lack of Sensory and motor functions of face and muscles of mastication localize to?

A

Mid Pons

Effect the trigeminal motor, principle sensory of trigeminal, mesencephalic nucleus

62
Q

Accsesory Cuneate Nucleus is part of what system/ what does it do?

A

Part of the cuneocerebellar pathway. Provides input of muscle stretch and muscle tension from arms. Receives input through Ia (Spindles) and Ib (GTO) and transfers that info to Cerebellum.
Cuneocerebellar pathway later joins with dorsal spino-cerebellar pathway

63
Q

Which is smaller Dorsal Root Cells or Sympathetic Cells

A

Sympathetic cells are smaller

Sympathetic cells also have less satellite cells surrounding them

64
Q

Which cortex is involved in bilateral motor projections such as playing the piano?

A

Supplementary Motor Cortex

65
Q

pontine reticulo spinal tract does what to muscle contraction

A

facilitates

Pontine = Pro

66
Q

medulary reticulo-spinal tract does what to muscle contractiosn?

A

Inhibits

Medullary = Minus

67
Q

Three Lobes of Cerebellum

A

Cerebro-cerebellum: Most Recent contains dentate
Vestibulo-cerebellum: Primitive brain
Spino-Cerebellum: Compose of Vermix, gets copy of motor activity

68
Q

Micro-circuit Loop

A

Cerebral Cortex to
Lateral Cerebellum via Pontine Nucleus To
Thalamus

69
Q

Cerebellar Learning Pathway

A

Neuron Leaves via inferior peduncle
Syanapses on CONTRA inferior olive
Ascends to cortex

70
Q

What do you test with a Canine infection and why?

A

Test eye movement to see if the infection has spread to the cavernous sinus

71
Q

Which portion of the hypothalamus sends projections to the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic area

Releases ADH when thirsty

72
Q

Hypothalamus is major structure in brain related to?

A

Homeostasis

73
Q

During Horizontal eye movement, the burst phase is done by ____ and the tonic phase is done by?

A 
Burst = PPRF
Tonic = nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi (nPh)
74
Q

Vertical and Horizontal gaze are BOTH triggered by

A

RIP

75
Q

During vertical gaze, the burst phase is done by____ and the tonic phase is done by _____?

A 
Burst = riMLF
Tonic = Cajal
76
Q

Superior Colliculus Maps according to

A

Size and direction of movement

77
Q

Parietal Cortex is dependent upon

A

Superior Colliculus

78
Q

Just notable difference

A

The smallest change that we can percieve

i.e 1/77 shows greater sensativity than 1/5

79
Q

Most sensory systems are_____

A

compressive

80
Q

Perception is dictated by

A

Weighted average of the senses and their reliability given the circumstance

81
Q

McGurk Effect demonstartes

A

how hearing is effected by vision and that we have a bias towards vision

OS1 (2 decks)

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