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Harroon > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Draw action potential graph?

A
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2
Q

What is resting membrane potential value?

A

-70mV

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3
Q

What is ion movement at rest?

A

K+ higher conc inside
Na+ higher conc outside

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4
Q

What is value of threshold?

A

-55mV

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5
Q

What is value of repolarisation?

A

+30mV

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6
Q

What occurs in AP?

A

1) Resting membrane potential is -70mV
Na-K ATPase 3Na+ out 2K+ in
2) Threshold exceeded -55mV
Na+ channels open, leads influx Na+
Depolarisation
3) Repolarisation +30mV
Na+ shut
K+ voltage gated channels open
4) K+ voltage gated channels open too long
hyperpolarisation
5) Back normal

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7
Q

Define two types refractory periods?

A

Absolute refractory period- Na+ close
- No further Action Potentials
Relative refractory period- Can have Action Potential
- Need bigger stimulus

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8
Q

What refractory period can action potentials occur?

A

Relative refractory period

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9
Q

What function refractory periods?

A

Impulses travel unidirectionally
Not overlapped

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10
Q

What stains myelin?

A

Osmium stains myelin
White to black

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11
Q

What is quickest form of conduction?

A

Myelination
Saltatory conduction

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12
Q

What cells form myelin in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

CNS

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14
Q

Where are schwann cells found?

A

PNS

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15
Q

What cells form myelin in PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

What diseases caused by damage to myelin sheath?

A

Multiple sclerosis
Guillain Barre syndrome

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17
Q

What two types of synaptic transmission? What most common?

A

Chemical (common)
Electrical

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18
Q

Where does electrical transmission occur?

A

Brainstem

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19
Q

What is quicker electrical or chemical?

A

Electrical

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20
Q

What joins pre and post synaptic cells in electrical transmission?

A

Gap junctions

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21
Q

What 5 things occur in chemical transmission?

A

1) Manufacture
2) Storage
3) Release
4) Activation
5) Reuptake/breakdown

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22
Q

Are NMJ excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

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23
Q

What 2 things occur when neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor on CSM?

A

Depolarisation- propogate AP- inhib- EPSP
Hyperpolarisation- prevent AP- inhib- IPSP

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24
Q

What process called for neurotransmitters have effect?

A

Summation

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25
Q

What are two types of summation?

A

Spatial- multiple presynaptic neurons together release enough neurotransmitter stimulate AP

Temporal- one presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter many times over period time

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26
Q

Give 3 examples of fast neurotransmitters?

A

ACh
Glut
GABA

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27
Q

Name slow neuromudulators?

A

Dopaminergic
Serotonin
Noradrenergic

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28
Q

What is main excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glut

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29
Q

What is main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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30
Q

Is ACh excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Ach- excitatory at skeletal muscle
- inhibitory at heart

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31
Q

What are 2 main Ach receptors? What do act on?

A

Nicotinegic- brain
Muscarinic- peripheral organs/glands

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32
Q

What neurotransmitter is used an NMJ?

A

Ach

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33
Q

What breaks Ach down?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Cholinergic receptor

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34
Q

Where is Noradrenergic work?
Function?
Affected by?

A

Heart and CNS
Fight and flight
Stimulants, antidepressant

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35
Q

Where is dopaminergic?
Affected by?

A

Basal ganglia (substantia nigra)
Stimulant increase
Antipsycotic decrease

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36
Q

Treatment parkinsons?

A

Parkinsons- lack dopamine
L- Dopa- use NAD enyme make more dopamine

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37
Q

Serotonin excite or inhib?
Effected by?

A

Excitatory
Antidepressant- prozac
Ecstasy

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38
Q

Give example of antidepressant?

A

Proza

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39
Q

Name 2 main conscious tracts?

A

DCML and spinothalamic

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40
Q

Name main ascending unconscious tract?

A

Spinocerebellar

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41
Q

Name main descending tract?

A

Corticospinal

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42
Q

What does DCML fibres carry?

A

Fine touch
Vibration
2 pt discrimination
Proprioception

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43
Q

What tract is responsible for fine touch?

A

DCML

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44
Q

How does DCML tract work?

A

1st order- lower limb- gracilis (below T6)
- upper limb- cuneatus (T6 and above)
- reach dorsal root gangli- ascend ipsi
2nd order- decussate medulla to contralateral thalamus
3rd order- to contralateral SSC

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45
Q

What neurons lower limbs in DCML?
What neurons upper limbs in DCML?

A

Gracilis- Lower limb (below T6)
Canaetus- Upper limb (T6 above)

Grass

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46
Q

Where does decussation occur in DCML?

A

Medulla

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47
Q

Function 3rd order neuron in DCML?

A

Contralateral thalamus to contralateral somatosensory cortex

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48
Q

Draw DCML tract?
Function?

A

Fine touch
Vibration
2 pt discrimination
Proprioception

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49
Q

State function of spinothalamic tract?

A

Carry pain and crude touch

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50
Q

What tract carries pain and crude touch?

A

Spinothalamic

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51
Q

Explain spinothalamic tract?

A

1st degree neurons- receptors in periphery
- reach dorsal root ganglia
2nd degree neurons- decussation @lvl spinal cord
3rd degree neurons- ascend to contralateral thalamus
- contralateral somatosensory

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52
Q

Draw spinothalamic tract?
Function?

A

Pain and crude touch

53
Q

Draw dcml tract?
Function

A

Fine touch
Ppt
Vibration
2 pnt discrim

54
Q

What tract is responsible for:
Crude touch
Fine touch

A

Crude- spinothalamic
Fine- DCML

55
Q

What is function of spinocerebellar?
Neurons travel?

A

Unconscious proprioception
Body to cerebellum

56
Q

How many order neurons do ascending tracts have?

A

3

57
Q

How many order neurons do descending tracts have?

A

2
Name- UMN, LMN

58
Q

Where do pyramidal descending tracts decussate?
Example?

A

Medulla
Corticospinal

59
Q

Explain process corticospinal descending tract?

A

1st order- motor cortex through corona radiate- internal
capsule
- pass through brainstem until medulla
- decussate @medulla- 85% contralateral- lateral
- 15% remain ipsilateral- anterior
2nd order- terminate @ventrolateral horn spinal cord
- synapse into 2nd order

60
Q

Draw corticospinal tract?

A
61
Q

What neurons effected by bells palsy?

A

LMN’s

62
Q

What neurons effected by stroke

A

UMN’s

63
Q

Label ventral and lateral corticospinal
ventral and lateral spinothalamic
DCML

A
64
Q

What is PNS divided into?

A
65
Q

Define afferent?

A

Receptors to CNS

66
Q

Define efferent?

A

CNS to receptors

67
Q

What efferent system is voluntary?
Example

A

Somatic
Skeletal

68
Q

What is autonomic ns?
Examples?

A

Involuntary
Part efferent
Smooth muscle, cardiac, glands

69
Q

What is autonomic division split into?

A

Symp and para

70
Q

State differences between somatic and autonomic efferent ns?

A

Somatic- single mylinated axon CNS- muscle
- no synapse
- Ach only EXCITATORY

Autonomic- 2 acons- pre and post ganglionic
- pre- Ach (excite)
post- Ach (excite)
- NAd (inhibt)

71
Q

What neurotransmitters in somatic efferent ns?

A

Ach

72
Q

How many axons in somatic efferent ns?

A

One myelinated axon
CNS-muscle

73
Q

How many axons in autonomic efferent ns?

A

2- preganglionic and post
- pre- always Ach
- post- Ach (excite)
- NAd (inhibt)

74
Q

What neurotransmitter in autonomic efferent?

A

Pre ganglionic - Ach (excite)
Post ganglionic- Ach (excite)
- NAd (inhibt)

75
Q

What is autonomic ns split into?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

76
Q

What is sympathetic ns function? Effect?

A

Fight or flight
Amplify
Apart GI tract, lungs (dilate), pupils (dilate)

77
Q

What receptors paired with Ach?

A

Nicotinic

78
Q

What receptors paired with NAd

A

Adrenergic

79
Q

Function parasympathetic?

A

Rest and digest

80
Q

What nerves parasypathetic?

A

10, 9, 7, 3

81
Q

What is nervous system of GI tract?

A

Enteric ns
Act independently

82
Q

Define motor unit?

A

Alpha motor neuron and all extrafusal fibres it innervates

83
Q

How are motor neurons arrange in spinal cord?

A

Somatotopic
Mn medial controlled proximal
Mn laterally controlled distally

84
Q

Where do motor neurons start and finish?
UMN
LMN

A

UPM- motor cortex to spinal cord
LMN- spinal cord to muscle

85
Q

Damage- symptoms?

A

UMN- hypertonia, spasticity, hyperreflexia
LMN- hyporeflexia, muscle atrophy, hypotonia

86
Q

Define end plate potential?
Why is it diff?

A

NMJ of EPSP but stronger depolarisation
AP propogated to all adj fibres in alpha motor unit

87
Q

Define muscle spindle?

A

Intrafusal and stretch receptor

88
Q

With reference to picture state efferent and afferent supply to muscle spindle?

A

Efferent- Y neurons at 1 and 3
Afferent- 1a fibres at 1 and 3, type 2 fibres at 2

89
Q

Function Y neurons?

A

Efferent supply- Y neurons prevent IF becoming slack

90
Q

What is fast type 1a or type 2?

A

1a- fast
2- slow

91
Q

Function of Y, 1a and type 2 fibres?

A

Detect stretch

92
Q

Function golgi tendons?

A

Tension receptors

93
Q

What nerves involved in patellar reflex?

A

L3/4

94
Q

Explain patellar reflex?

A

1) Patellar knocked
2a) Activate stretch receptors
- 1a from intrafusal fibres to CNS
- Monosynaptic excitatory stimulation of quadraceps
Knee jerk extension (1a)
2b) Polysynaptic
Inhibition of flexors of knee (1a)
Excitation synergestic muscles at knee (1a)
3) 1b
Polysynaptic (CNS) inhibition knee jerk when excess
- stretch detected
- prevent overextension and injury
- inverse myotactic reflex

95
Q

What is inverse myotactic reflex?

A

Polysynaptic (CNS) inhibition knee jerk when excess
- stretch detected
- prevent overextension and injury
- inverse myotactic reflex
1b

96
Q

In knee jerk reaction what muscle stimulated/inhibt?

A

Quadraceps- stim
Flexors knee- inhib

Monosynaptic- don’t enter CNS

97
Q

What are two branches of spinothalamic tract?

A

Anterior
Lateral

98
Q

What information carried anterior spinothalamic?

A

Crude touch
Pressure

99
Q

What information carried lateral spinothalamic?

A

Pain
Temperature

100
Q

What type of fibres carry crude touch and pressure?
Which tract- which side?

A

C fibres
Spinothalamic- anterior

101
Q

What type of fibres carry pain and temperature?
Which tract- which side?

A

Alpha fibres
Spinothalamic- lateral

102
Q

Function nociceptors?

A

Sense pain

103
Q

What senses pain?

A

Nociceptors

104
Q

Explain response pain?

A

1) Nociceptors sense pain
2) Transmit impulse to dorsal root ganglia via:
alpha myelinated C unmyelinated
3) Decussated 1-2 spinal lvls above
4) Lateral- alpha (fast pain)
Anterior- C (slow pain)
5) To thalamus
6) To SSC

105
Q

Are alpha or C fibres myelinated?

A

Alpha- myelinated
C- unmyelinated

106
Q

What neurotransmitters used alpha fibres?

A

Glutamate- fast

107
Q

What neurotransmitters used C fibres?

A

Glut
Substance P- bind longer

108
Q

What is pain gate?

A

C fibres
Small descending pathways- inhibit pain spinothalamic
Transmission nociceptor to DRG occurs
Inhibit impulse reach SSC

109
Q

Define analgesia?

A

Selective pain suppression
Consciousness not effected

110
Q

Define anaesthetic?

A

Total pain suppression
Consciousness can effected

111
Q

What is parkinsons caused by?

A

Loss substantia nigra- lack dopamine
Can’t inhibit movement

112
Q

What is berry aneurysm caused by?
Common location

A

Intracranial aneurysm- outpouching
Circle willis- anterior circulation

113
Q

What is duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Recessive or dom?

A

X linked muscle degradation
Recessive

114
Q

What is multiple sclerosis caused by?

A

Myelin scarring

115
Q

What causes huntingtons?
Type disease?
Codon?

A

Low lvls GABA
High lvls dopamine
Too much movement
Autosomal dominant
Anticipation CAG

116
Q

How many repeats needed huntingtons?

A

Anticipation
CAG
36+

117
Q

Define anticipation in disease?

A

Extended mutated triplet repeats
Earlier and severe symptoms

118
Q

Explain brown sequard?

A

Hemisection of spinal cord compressed
Lesion below and above spinothalamic decussationq

119
Q

What are common signs of BSq syndrome?

A

Ipsilateral- paralysis side of the lesion- compromise to
lateral corticospinal tracts
loss of proprioception and vibration- DCML Contralateral- loss pain and temperature sensation-
spinothalamic tract.

120
Q

When does gastrulation (formation trilaminar disc) occur?

A

After wk 3

121
Q

State how brain formed?

A

1) Ectoderm differentiate by mitosis
2) Neural groove
3) Neural tube
4) Neural crest cells
lateral neural tube
5) Crest cells differentiate into brain and CNS

122
Q

What do the brain and CNS develop from?

A

Crest cells

123
Q

What are 3 bases that brain divides from?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

124
Q

Draw flow chart to show where diff structures brain form?

A
125
Q

Where does cerebral cortex form from?

A

Telencephalon
Prosencephalon

126
Q

Where does thalamus form from?

A

Diencephalon
Prosencephalon

127
Q

Where does midbrain form from?

A

Mesencephalon

128
Q

Where does pons and cerebellum form from?

A

Metencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Harroon (5 decks)

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