Neuro

Question 1

Delirium

Answer 1

acute disorientation, inattentive, incoherent, impaired recent memory, agitated, hallucinating

Question 2

Dysphagia

Answer 2

inability to safely swallow (high risk of aspiration)

Question 3

Dysphonia

Answer 3

abnormal voice pitch, volume, hoarseness or whispered

Question 4

Dysarthria

Answer 4

distorted and unintelligible pronunciation yet appropriate word choice, grammar, comprehension

Question 5

Dysphasia

Answer 5

receptive/expressive/global language disturbance

Question 6

Aphasia

Answer 6

receptive/expressive/global loss of language

Question 7

Respective aphasia

Answer 7

when someone is able to speak well and use long sentences, but what they say may not make sense. They may not know that what they’re saying is wrong, so may get frustrated when people don’t understand them. The features of Wernicke’s aphasia are: Impaired reading and writing.

Question 8

Expressive aphasia

Answer 8

Broca aphasia (unable to speak)

Question 9

Global aphasia

Answer 9

Receptive and Expressive aphasia

They may only be able to produce a handful of words but they can’t read and write

Most common cause: stroke

Question 10

Bradykinesia

Answer 10

slow voluntary movement

Question 11

Paresthesia

Answer 11

abnormal sensation usually felt worse distally (in hands/feet)

burning, prickling, tingling, numbness, skin crawling, or itching)

caused by peripheral neuropathy

Question 12

Paresis

Answer 12

weakness of muscles

Question 13

Paralysis

Answer 13

loss of motor function

Question 14

Hemiplegia

Answer 14

paralysis of one side of the body (right or left)

Question 15

Paraplegia

Answer 15

paralysis of both lower extremities

Question 16

Quadriplegia

Answer 16

Complete loss of muscle tone and paralysis of all four extremities

Question 17

Flaccidity

Answer 17

hypotonia, muscle feels limp, soft, flabby

Question 18

Spasticity

Answer 18

hypertonia, resistance to passive extension

Question 19

clasp-knife rigidity

Answer 19

resistance that may suddenly give way

Question 20

lead-pipe rigidity

Answer 20

constant resistance to passive movement

Question 21

Cogwheel rigidity

Answer 21

resistance is released by degrees during passive extension

Question 22

Abnormal posturing:

Decorticate rigidity

Answer 22

indicates hemispheric lesion of cerebral cortex

flexion of upper extremities, adduction of arm tightly against thorax

Extension, internal rotation, & plantar flexion of lower extremities

Question 23

Fasciculations

Answer 23

rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle or part of muscle without movement of limb (seen by examiner or felt by patient)

Question 24

Myoclonus

Answer 24

Single sudden jerky movement of body (normal when falling asleep)

Regularly repeating jerks (hiccups)

Severe: associated with grand mal (tonic-clonic) seizure

Question 25

Chorea

Answer 25

jerky, involuntary, purposeless, nonrepetitive, movements (limbs, trunk, neck, face)

Question 26

Tic

Answer 26

involuntary, compulsive, repetitive twitching of muscle groups (wink, grimace, head movement, shoulder shrug)

Question 27

Tremor

Answer 27

contraction of opposing muscle groups, rhythmic movement of joints

Question 28

rest tremor

Answer 28

when muscles are at rest & supported against gravity, ”pill-rolling tremor”, improves with voluntary movement

Question 29

intention tremor

Answer 29

worse with voluntary movements

Question 30

Positive Colonus means:

Answer 30

repetitive movement (ankle tremor) caused by action of examiner (rapid dorsiflexion)

Question 31

The nervous system consists of

Answer 31

Central (Brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral (outside the brain and spinal cord)

Question 32

Protection of the CNS

Answer 32

``` Cranium Vertebra Meninges Epidural Space Dura Mater Arachnoid Layer Subarachnoid space - CSF Pia Mater ```

Question 33

Cerebrum consists of

Answer 33

2 hemispheres and 4 lobes

Question 34

Four Lobes

Answer 34

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 35

Frontal

Answer 35

personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual function

Question 36

Parietal

Answer 36

sensation

Question 37

Temporal

Answer 37

auditory center

Question 38

Wernicke's area

Answer 38

language comprehension

Question 39

Broca's area

Answer 39

language expression

Question 40

Cerebral cortex

Answer 40

Outer layer or the “gray matter” Responsible for: thoughts, memory, reasoning, sensation, voluntary movements

Question 41

Cross representation

Answer 41

left cortex is associated with right side of the body and right cortex with left side of the body

Question 42

Basal Ganglia

Answer 42

Gray matter deep within the two hemispheres Extrapyramidal system Initiate and coordinate automatic associated movements (arm swing with walking)

Question 43

Thalamus

Answer 43

Main relay station of sensory pathway Emotions, creativity

Question 44

Hypothalamus

Answer 44

Resp, temp, appetite, sex, HR, BP, sleep, pituitary, ANS

Question 45

Cerebellum

Answer 45

Under occipital lobe Coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, muscle tone

Question 46

Brain stem

Answer 46

Mostly nerve fibers CN III to XII Consists of midbrain, pons, medulla Motor neuron tracks (ascending/descending)

Question 47

Spinal cord

Answer 47

Long cylindric structure Occupies 2/3 of the vertebral canal from medulla to L2 Ascending and descending fiber tracts Spinal Reflex Arc Centers

Question 48

Peripheral nervous system functions and reflexes

Answer 48

Functions Sensory (Afferent) pathway Motor (Efferent) pathway Reflexes Defense mechanisms Involuntary quick reaction to potential dangers, balance, and muscle tone Three types 1- stretch (myotatic) such as deep tendon reflexes (DTR) 2- superficial (cutaneous) such as plantar reflex 3- visceral (organic) pupillary response to light

Question 49

Where do afferent fibers enter through ?

Answer 49

Posterior dorsal roots

Question 50

Where do Efferent fibers exit through?

Answer 50

ventral roots

Question 51

Dermatome

Answer 51

particular skin areas innervated by each nerve

Question 52

Autonomic nervous system manages

Answer 52

smooth muscles Heart glands Afferent and Efferent pathways Sympathetic and parasympathetic