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Patho Exam 3 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 levels of somatic sensation?

A

First order, Second order, Third order

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2
Q

What is the FIRST order of somatic sensation responsible for?

Where do they transmit sensations to?

A

Detects sensations, send them to CNS

Relates to Gate Theory of pain

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3
Q

What is the SECOND order of somatic sensation responsible for?

Where is it located?

What type of info does it process?

A

Transmitting messages to brain

Located in spinal cord

Processes nociceptive info

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4
Q

What is the THIRD order of somatic sensation responsible for?

Where is it located?

A

Relays info from thalamus to cerebral cortex

Located in brain

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5
Q

Nociceptors are ______ receptors. Where are most of them located?

A

Pain; skin

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6
Q

These fibers are large, myelinated, and for _____ pain

A

A Delta; Fast

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7
Q

These fibers are small, unmyelinated, and for _______ pain

A

C; Slow

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8
Q

All somatosensory info from limbs & trunk share a common class of sensory neurons called what?

A

The dorsal root ganglion

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9
Q

A region of the body supplied by a single pair of dorsal root ganglion

A

A dermatome

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of pain?

A

Cutaneous, Deep somatic, Visceral, Referred, Neuropathic

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11
Q

This type of pain arises from superficial structures (like skin) and is sharp, burning, easily located

A

Cutaneous pain

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12
Q

This type of pain feels diffuse but deep; originates from deep body structures (muscles, joints, blood vessels)

A

Deep somatic pain

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13
Q

This type of pain is one of the most common pains produced by disease. Originates in visceral organs (chest, abdomen)

A

Visceral pain

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14
Q

This type of pain is perceived at a site different from its point of origin

A

Referred

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15
Q

What’s the difference between pain TOLERANCE and pain THRESHOLD?

A

Tolerance is how much someone will ENDURE before showing a response (kids pinching each other)

Threshold is the point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain (coldness can become painful)

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16
Q

Unpleasant hypersensitivity

A

Hyperesthesia

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17
Q

Increased painfulness

A

Hyperalgesia

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18
Q

Reduced/lost TACTILE sensation

A

Hypoesthesia/anesthesia

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19
Q

Reduced/lost TEMPERATURE sensation

A

Hypothermia/athermia

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20
Q

Reduced/lost PAIN sensation

A

Hypoalgesia/analgesia

i.e. analgesics like NSAIDs

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21
Q

Pain after no noxious stimuli

A

Allodynia

i.e. sensitive to touch

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22
Q

Heart rate and BP going in _______ direction signifies pain (acute)

A

Opposite

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23
Q

This type of pain is widespread that is not otherwise explainable

Evidence of _______ deficit

A

Neuropathic pain; sensory deficit

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24
Q

This is severe, brief, repetitive pain. What is most common type?

Where does it occur?

A

Neuralgia; trigeminal

Occurs along spinal or cranial nerve

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25
Q

Clonus is a rhythmic ______ and _______.

A

Rhythmic contraction & relaxation

Stretching muscle and its pulsating

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26
Q

This is the ability to take a motor message and put it into action

A

Coordination

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27
Q

What is paresis?

A

Weakness

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28
Q

What does “–plegia” signify?

A

Stroke or paralysis

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29
Q

What does “mono” signify?

A

One limb

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30
Q

What does “hemi” signify?

A

Both limbs on one side

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31
Q

What does “Di–” or “para” signify?

A

Both upper limbs

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32
Q

This is looking like you have muscle mass, but ____ & ________ replace muscle tissue

A

Pseudohypertrophy; fat & connective tissue replace muscle tissue

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33
Q

What are the 3 major players involved in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Receptor sites
ACh
ACh Esterase (E)

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34
Q

ACh E ______ Ach

A

Destroys

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35
Q

Botulism does what to ACh release?

A

Blocks it; eliminates muscle contractions

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36
Q

This is an autoimmune disease that is a ______ in ACh receptors

A

Myasthenia gravis; decrease

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37
Q

Which type of motor neurons are associated with skeletal muscle?

A

Lower

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38
Q

An example of this type of neuropathy is compression (carpal tunnel)

A

MONOneuropathies

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39
Q

An example of this type of neuropathy is Guillain-Barre syndrome.

What is damaged?

A

POLYnephropathies; myelin sheath

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40
Q

The 3 pathways related to the cerebellum (little brain)

A

Vestibulo–
Spino–
Cerebro–

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41
Q

This cerebellar pathway functions to maintain equilibrium and posture

i.e. nystagmus, truncal ataxia

A

Vestibulocerebellar

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42
Q

This cerebellar pathway coordinates movement of hands and fingers

i.e. dysmetria

A

Spinocerebellar

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43
Q

This cerebellar pathway coordinates sequential body and limb movements

i.e. “sobriety walk”

A

Cerebrocerebellar

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44
Q

This is AKA struggling to hold yourself up

A

Truncal ataxia

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45
Q

This is AKA over– and underreacting movements

A

Dysmetria

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46
Q

This is AKA trouble with or lack of ability to perform coordinated muscular movements

A

Dystaxia, ataxia

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47
Q

AKA jerky movements

A

Chorea

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48
Q

AKA continuous twisting movements

A

Athetosis

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49
Q

AKA violent flinging movements

A

Ballismus

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50
Q

AKA rigidity of movement

A

Dystonia

51
Q

Parkinson’s is an issue with the _____ ______. Lack of ____ and overstimulation from ______

A

Basal ganglia

Lack of dopamine; overstimulation from ACh

52
Q

This disease damages both upper and lower motor neurons. No change in _________

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); NO CHANGE in cognition

53
Q

Multiple sclerosis is ______-mediated. Destruction of CNS ________

A

Immune; myelin

54
Q

In this immune-mediated disease process, plaques form in optic nerve, nerve tracts

A

MS

55
Q

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is ________. Complete transection leads to _____ shock (classic SCI symptoms)

A

Irreversible; spinal/distributive shock

56
Q

Complete SCI to UPPER motor neurons is from _____ and above. Do spinal reflexes still work?

A

T12; YES

57
Q

Complete SCI to LOWER motor neurons is from _____ and below. Do spinal reflexes still work?

A

T12; NO they are damaged. Flaccid paralysis

58
Q

Tenodesis is _______ wrists; damage to what nerve?

A

Over-extended; C6

59
Q

With SCI pts, you should worry about ________ muscle function. May need to be on a ventilator

A

Respiratory

60
Q

In this symptom of SCI, there is essentially no “break pedal”

T6 and below have unfiltered sympathetic reflexes

A

Autonomic dysreflexia

61
Q

The vasovagal response leads to _______ and potentially ________

A

Bradycardia, systole (heart simply stops)

62
Q

What are 5 chronic complications of SCI?

A 
Autonomic dysreflexia
Vasovagal response
Postural hypotension
Immobility issues
Temp regulation issues
63
Q

What are 4 possible causes of brain damage?

A

Ischemia
Excitatory amino acid injury
Cerebral edema
ICP

64
Q

What are the 3 factors that contribute to intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A

CSF
Blood from vasculature
Brain

65
Q

Brain death is the _______ loss of function of the brain

A

Permanent/irreversible

66
Q

A vegetative state is loss of all ________ function and ________ of self/surroundings. Core functions (breathing etc.) remain intact

A

Cognitive function and awareness

67
Q

Locked-in-Syndrome affects the _____ ____ ______. Injury to what artery?

A

Circle of Willis; basilar artery

68
Q

The brain receives ___% of CO, and uses ___% of O2

A

15% CO

20% O2

69
Q

In ______ ischemia to brain, NO brain tissue is spared

A

Global

70
Q

In ______ ischemia to brain, a singular area is receiving the injury

A

Focal

71
Q

What are the 2 types of cerebral edema?

A

Vasogenic (ECF)

Cytotoxic (ICF)

72
Q

Vasogenic cerebral edema is impairment of the _____, or the result of what 3 things?

A

Blood brain barrier;
Hemorrhage
Brain injury
Infection

73
Q

Cytotoxic cerebral edema is the result of ________ states or ___-____ failure

A

Hypo-osmotic; Na-K pump failure

74
Q

In excitotoxic brain injury, brain cells begin to be what?

A

Digested!

Calcium cascade–>enzyme release–>digestion of brain cells

75
Q

Huntington disease and Alzheimer’s can cause ________ brain injury

A

Excitotoxic

76
Q

When does hydrocephalus occur?

A

When CSF is not able to exit through its normal pathway. Collects in ventricles

77
Q

What are the 3 types of hydrocephalus?

A

NONcommunicating
Communicating
Acute

78
Q

NONcommunicating hydrocephalus is _____ventricular. Caused by what?

A

Intra; obstruction (narrowing of path)

79
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus is _____ventricular. Caused by what?

A

Extra; impaired absorption (making too much or exit is blocked)

80
Q

What causes ACUTE hydrocephalus?

A

Head injury

81
Q

What equation represents ICP?

A

ICP = CSF(10%) + Brain(80%) + Blood volume(10%)

82
Q

______ ______ ______ is the pressure perfusing the brain. What is the equation?

A

Cerebral perfusion pressure

CPP = MAP - ICP

83
Q

______ brain injury causes ICP

A

Primary

84
Q

What is a normal CPP range?

A

70-100 mmHg

85
Q

What is an early sign of increased ICP?

A

Decrease in level of consciousness

86
Q

Altered level of consciousness (LOC) implies ______ brain injury

A

Diffuse

87
Q

In Glaslow coma scale, what does 3 mean? What does 15 mean?

A 
3 = lowest; very bad
15 = highest; good/alert
88
Q

What are 3 manifestations of brain injury?

A

Pupillary reflexes & eye movements
Abnormal flexion & extension posturing
Respiratory response

89
Q

AKA eyes that don’t move when you turn the pt

A

Doll eyes

90
Q

AKA pupils that can’t contract; open as wide as they can; no reflex/muscle movement

A

Blown pupils

91
Q

What are the 3 components of Cushing’s Triad?

A

Irregular, decreased respirations
Bradycardia
Systolic hypertension (widening PP)

92
Q

What are the 3 types of hematomas?

A

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid

93
Q

AKA above

A

Epi–

94
Q

AKA below

A

Sub–

95
Q

AKA dura mater

A

–dural

96
Q

Epidural hematomas are _____ the dura mater. _____ bleeding

A

Above; fast/rapid

97
Q

Subdural hematomas are ____ the dura mater. Rupture of _____ _____.

A

Below; bridging veins. Slow bleeding

98
Q

This type of hematoma involves blood in the CSF-filled subarachnoid space

A

Subarachnoid hematoma. Clogs it like hair in a drain

99
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A

Ischemic, hemorrhagic

100
Q

A _______ ischemic attack is a zone of penumbra without central infarct

A

Transient; practicing to have a stroke

101
Q

This type of stroke involves a penumbra (halo) where tissue surround a necrotic core & receives marginal blood flow

A

Ischemic

102
Q

This type of stroke is fatal!

A

Hemorrhagic

103
Q

What are 3 types of brain tumors?

A 
Primary intracranial (neuroepithelial tissue)
Primary intracranial (cranium)
Metastatic
104
Q

AKA abnormal, excessive nerve firing

A

Seizure

105
Q

What are the two types os seizure?

A

Provoked, unprovoked

106
Q

What is status epileptics?

A

When someone begins seizing and can’t break out of it

107
Q

What is the consequence of status epileptics?

A

You’ll run out of supplies (ATP, O2) because you’re using too much

Leads to hypoxemia & acidosis

108
Q

Delirium is a ______ state of brain dysfunction. ______ onset

A

Acute; abrupt onset

109
Q

With delirium, your _____ nervous system is overactive

A

Autonomic

110
Q

Dementia is a _______ failure of many cerebral functions. _____ onset

A

Progressive; gradual onset

111
Q

What is the greatest risk factor for dementia?

A

Age

112
Q

Alzheimer’s pts have ______ ACh, ______ enlargement, neuritic ______

A

Decreased; ventricular, plaques

113
Q

What do the neurofibers of Alzheimer’s pts look like?

A

Tangled up

114
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome and Huntington disease are a type of what?

A

Dementia

115
Q

Pts with Huntington disease have a degeneration of the ______ ______. Produces localized death of what?

A

Basal ganglia; death of brain cells

116
Q

There is a depletion of what neurotransmitter in Huntington disease?

A

GABA

117
Q

Meningitis is infection of what?

A

Meninges

118
Q

Encephalitis is infection of what?

A

Brain parenchyma (aka functional tissue)

119
Q

Myelitis is infection of what?

A

Spinal cord

120
Q

Encephalomyelitis is infection of what?

A

Brain AND spinal cord (combo of both)

121
Q

Meningitis is inflammation of what three things?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space

122
Q

What is nuchal rigidity?

A

Super stiff neck

123
Q

With Kernig’s sign, pt has pain when ______ is lifted __ degrees

A

Leg lifted 90 degrees

Patho Exam 3 (4 decks)

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