Neuro

Question 1

what is a neuron

Answer 1

the basic functional unit of the brain

Question 2

name the neurotransmitters (5)

Answer 2

1. acetylcholine
2. serotonin
3. dopamine
4. norepi
5. endorphins

Question 3

Acetylcholine:

Answer 3

neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 4

Serotonin:

Answer 4

helps control mood and sleep, controls pain pathway

Question 5

Dopamine:

Answer 5

affects behavior (emotions, attention); affects fine movement

Question 6

Norepinephrine:

Answer 6

major transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Endorphins:

Answer 7

pleasurable sensation; inhibits pain transmission

Question 8

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 8

1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobe
3. temporal lobe
4. occipital lobe

Question 9

frontal lobe

Answer 9

necessary for concentration, abstract thoughts, memory, judgment, affect, inhibitions
• Broca’s area on the left frontal hemisphere, the speech center, different than singing

Question 10

parietal lobe

Answer 10

sensory, important for left vs right orientation, size and shape discrimination

penis senses = parietal sensory

Question 11

temporal lobe

Answer 11

auditory, plays a role in the memory of sound, understanding language and music

Question 12

occipital lobe

Answer 12

visual interpretation and memory

Question 13

what composes the brain stem and its functions

Answer 13

composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

reflex center for resp, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, swallowing (all PHYSIOLOGIC functioning)

Question 14

what is cerebrospinal fluid, and where is it produced?

Answer 14

• This is a clear and colorless produced in the choroid plexus of the ventricles

Question 15

cerebral circulation - how much comes from cardiac output?

Answer 15

• The brain receives about 15% of the cardiac output

Question 16

cerebral circulation - how does the anterior brain get its blood supply?

Answer 16

• originates from the common carotid artery

Question 17

the cerebellum

Answer 17

• provides smooth and coordinated movements

* controls fine movements, balance, position, and posture

Question 18

name the parts of the brain

Answer 18

1. cerebrum
2. brain stem
3. cerebellum

Question 19

cerebral circulation - how does the posterior brain get its blood supply?

Answer 19

• by the vertebral arteries branch from subclavian arteries

Question 20

what contains immune and metabolic functions in the brain?

Answer 20

in the CSF

Question 21

what is the function of the blood brain barrier

Answer 21

• prevents many substances that circulate in the blood from reaching the CNS.

Question 22

how can the blood brain barrier be altered? (3)

Answer 22

1. trauma
2. cerebral edema
3. cerebral hypoxemia

Question 23

what is the function of the spinal cord

Answer 23

serves as connection between the brain and the periphery

Question 24

how is the spinal cord protected?

Answer 24

• by the vertebral column

* 7 cervical vertebrae; 12 thoracic vertebrae; 5 lumbar vertebrae; sacrum (a fused mass of 5 vertebrae)

Question 25

what composes the peripheral nervous system? (3)

Answer 25

1. cranial nerves 2. spinal nerves 3. autonomic nervous system

Question 26

how many cranial nerves

Answer 26

12 nerves - 3 are sensory - 5 are motor - 4 are mixed/both

Question 27

peripheral nervous system: function of the ANS and its 2 divisions

Answer 27

regulates the activities of the internal organs SNS vs PNS

Question 28

sympathetic nervous system function

Answer 28

fight or flight response - bronchioles dilate, heart’s contractions become stronger and faster; arteries of the heart and voluntary muscles dilate; peristalsis slow

Question 29

parasympathetic nervous system function

Answer 29

dominant controller for most visceral functions | - impulses form parasympathetic fibers predominate during quiet, non-stressful conditions.

Question 30

CN I

Answer 30

Olfactory- sense of smell

Question 31

CN II

Answer 31

Optic- visual acuity

Question 32

CN III

Answer 32

Oculomotor- muscle that moves the eye and lid, pupillary constriction

Question 33

CN IV

Answer 33

Trochlear- muscle that moves the eye

Question 34

CN V

Answer 34

Trigeminal- facial sensation; corneal reflex; mastication

Question 35

CN VI

Answer 35

Abducens- muscle that moves the eye

Question 36

CN VII

Answer 36

Facial- symmetry of facial expression; muscle movement of upper and lower face; salivation; taste; tearing; sensation in the ear

Question 37

CN VIII

Answer 37

Acoustic/Vestibulocochlear- hearing and equilibrium

Question 38

CN IX

Answer 38

Glossopharyngeal- taste, sensation in pharynx and tongue, pharyngeal muscles, swallowing

Question 39

CN X

Answer 39

Vagus- muscles of the pharynx, larynx, soft palate; sensation of the external ear, pharynx, larynx, thoracic viscera

Question 40

CN XI

Answer 40

(Spinal) Accessory- sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Question 41

CN XII

Answer 41

Hypoglossal- movement of the tongue