Neuro

Question 1

Shuffling gait

Answer 1

Parkinson’s

Question 2

Broad-based gait

Answer 2

Cerebellar ataxia

Question 3

Falling backwards

Answer 3

Midline cerebellar ataxia (damage to middle of cerebellum or vermis)

Question 4

Stamping gait

Answer 4

Sensory ataxia

“High stepping” gait, relying on vision

Question 5

Distal vs proximal limb weakness gait signs

Answer 5

Distal: slap foot on ground
Proximal: waddling

Question 6

When do you get waddling gait?

Answer 6

Polymyositis, muscular dystrophies

Question 7

What is gait apraxia?

Answer 7

Frontal lobe disease (diffuse cerebrovascular disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus), walking skills become disorganized, despite normal motor and sensory function when examined

Question 8

How does the gait look in gait apraxia? How does this differ form Parkinsons?

Answer 8

Small shuffling, hesitant to start

Arm swing and posture are normal

Question 9

3 inhibitors neurotransmitters

Answer 9

GABA, histamine, glycine

Question 10

Damage where gives you Broco’s aphasia?

Answer 10

Left frontal cortex

Question 11

Parietal lesions features

Answer 11

Contralateral sensory loss/neglect

Agraphaesthesia

Question 12

Failure to recognize faces

Answer 12

Parietal

Question 13

Complex partial seziures and memory disturbances lesion

Answer 13

Temporal lobe

Question 14

Global aphasia describes what? When do you get?

Answer 14

Combination of Broca’s and Wernicke’s

After a severe left hemisphere infarct

Question 15

Dysarthria describes

Answer 15

Disordered articulation - slurred speech

Question 16

Episodic memory

Answer 16

Long-term memory for events

Question 17

Semantic memory

Answer 17

Knowledge of words

Question 18

Implicit memory

Answer 18

Not conscious - how to ride a bike

Question 19

Working memory

Answer 19

Short-term memory

Question 20

Long term memory is divided into

Answer 20

Implicit (not conscious) and explicit (conscious)

Question 21

Explicit memory is divided into

Answer 21

Episodic (for events) and semantic (for facts, words, knowledge)

Question 22

Procedural memory falls under _______ memory

Answer 22

Implicit

Question 23

Fast voluntary eye movements originate where?

Answer 23

Frontal lobes, then they descend and cross in the pons to end in the centre for lateral gaze (paramedic pontine reticular formation)

Question 24

Each paramedic pontine reticular formation also receives input from

Answer 24

Ipsilateral occipital cortex

Vestibular nuclei

Question 25

Damage to what leads to INO

Answer 25

MLF

Question 26

What happens in INO?

Answer 26

In right INO, there is a lesion of the right MLF, on attempted left lateral gaze, the right eye fails to adduct

Question 27

Failure of upgrade is caused by

Answer 27

Dorsal midbrain lesions

Question 28

Acute lesion of one pyramidal tract causes

Answer 28

``` Flaccid paralysis Increased tone (UMN) signs follows ```

Question 29

Hemiparesis definition

Answer 29

Weakness of the limbs on one side - usually caused by a lesion in the brain and occasionally in the cord

Question 30

Hemiparesis symptoms depending on levels within the corticospinal tract

Answer 30

Motor cortex: weakness and/or loss of skilled movement confined to one contralateral limb or part of a limb - defect in cognitive function and focal epilepsy may occur Internal capsule: sudden, dense, contralateral hemiplegia Pons: Adjacent features (VIth and VIIth cranial nerve) are involved Spinal cord: Ipsilateral UMN lesion

Question 31

Spastic paraparesis indicates

Answer 31

Bilateral damage to corticospinal pathways - weakness and spasticity (flaccidity in initial phase)

Question 32

Extrapyramidal system is a general term for

Answer 32

Basal ganglia motor systems: corpus striatum, subthalmig nucleus, substantia nigra

Question 33

2 features of extrapyramidal disorders

Answer 33

1. Bradykinesia (reduction in speed of movement) | 2. Involuntary hyperkinetic movements (tremor, chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus)

Question 34

Part of extrapyramidal system affected in Parkinson's vs Huntington's

Answer 34

Substantia Nigra, Putamen, Cortex | Corpus striatum

Question 35

Hemiballism results from a lesion in the

Answer 35

Subthalmig nucleus

Question 36

Cerebellum modulates

Answer 36

Coordination and learned movement patterns (rather than speed)

Question 37

UMN is used interchangeably with

Answer 37

Pyramidal