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Kumar and Clark > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Shuffling gait

A

Parkinson’s

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2
Q

Broad-based gait

A

Cerebellar ataxia

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3
Q

Falling backwards

A

Midline cerebellar ataxia (damage to middle of cerebellum or vermis)

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4
Q

Stamping gait

A

Sensory ataxia

“High stepping” gait, relying on vision

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5
Q

Distal vs proximal limb weakness gait signs

A

Distal: slap foot on ground
Proximal: waddling

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6
Q

When do you get waddling gait?

A

Polymyositis, muscular dystrophies

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7
Q

What is gait apraxia?

A

Frontal lobe disease (diffuse cerebrovascular disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus), walking skills become disorganized, despite normal motor and sensory function when examined

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8
Q

How does the gait look in gait apraxia? How does this differ form Parkinsons?

A

Small shuffling, hesitant to start

Arm swing and posture are normal

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9
Q

3 inhibitors neurotransmitters

A

GABA, histamine, glycine

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10
Q

Damage where gives you Broco’s aphasia?

A

Left frontal cortex

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11
Q

Parietal lesions features

A

Contralateral sensory loss/neglect

Agraphaesthesia

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12
Q

Failure to recognize faces

A

Parietal

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13
Q

Complex partial seziures and memory disturbances lesion

A

Temporal lobe

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14
Q

Global aphasia describes what? When do you get?

A

Combination of Broca’s and Wernicke’s

After a severe left hemisphere infarct

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15
Q

Dysarthria describes

A

Disordered articulation - slurred speech

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16
Q

Episodic memory

A

Long-term memory for events

17
Q

Semantic memory

A

Knowledge of words

18
Q

Implicit memory

A

Not conscious - how to ride a bike

19
Q

Working memory

A

Short-term memory

20
Q

Long term memory is divided into

A

Implicit (not conscious) and explicit (conscious)

21
Q

Explicit memory is divided into

A

Episodic (for events) and semantic (for facts, words, knowledge)

22
Q

Procedural memory falls under _______ memory

A

Implicit

23
Q

Fast voluntary eye movements originate where?

A

Frontal lobes, then they descend and cross in the pons to end in the centre for lateral gaze (paramedic pontine reticular formation)

24
Q

Each paramedic pontine reticular formation also receives input from

A

Ipsilateral occipital cortex

Vestibular nuclei

25
Q

Damage to what leads to INO

A

MLF

26
Q

What happens in INO?

A

In right INO, there is a lesion of the right MLF, on attempted left lateral gaze, the right eye fails to adduct

27
Q

Failure of upgrade is caused by

A

Dorsal midbrain lesions

28
Q

Acute lesion of one pyramidal tract causes

A 
Flaccid paralysis 
Increased tone (UMN) signs follows
29
Q

Hemiparesis definition

A

Weakness of the limbs on one side - usually caused by a lesion in the brain and occasionally in the cord

30
Q

Hemiparesis symptoms depending on levels within the corticospinal tract

A

Motor cortex: weakness and/or loss of skilled movement confined to one contralateral limb or part of a limb - defect in cognitive function and focal epilepsy may occur
Internal capsule: sudden, dense, contralateral hemiplegia
Pons: Adjacent features (VIth and VIIth cranial nerve) are involved
Spinal cord: Ipsilateral UMN lesion

31
Q

Spastic paraparesis indicates

A

Bilateral damage to corticospinal pathways - weakness and spasticity (flaccidity in initial phase)

32
Q

Extrapyramidal system is a general term for

A

Basal ganglia motor systems: corpus striatum, subthalmig nucleus, substantia nigra

33
Q

2 features of extrapyramidal disorders

A
  1. Bradykinesia (reduction in speed of movement)

2. Involuntary hyperkinetic movements (tremor, chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus)

34
Q

Part of extrapyramidal system affected in Parkinson’s vs Huntington’s

A

Substantia Nigra, Putamen, Cortex

Corpus striatum

35
Q

Hemiballism results from a lesion in the

A

Subthalmig nucleus

36
Q

Cerebellum modulates

A

Coordination and learned movement patterns (rather than speed)

37
Q

UMN is used interchangeably with

A

Pyramidal

Kumar and Clark (1 decks)

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