Neuro Flashcards
Shuffling gait
Parkinson’s
Broad-based gait
Cerebellar ataxia
Falling backwards
Midline cerebellar ataxia (damage to middle of cerebellum or vermis)
Stamping gait
Sensory ataxia
“High stepping” gait, relying on vision
Distal vs proximal limb weakness gait signs
Distal: slap foot on ground
Proximal: waddling
When do you get waddling gait?
Polymyositis, muscular dystrophies
What is gait apraxia?
Frontal lobe disease (diffuse cerebrovascular disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus), walking skills become disorganized, despite normal motor and sensory function when examined
How does the gait look in gait apraxia? How does this differ form Parkinsons?
Small shuffling, hesitant to start
Arm swing and posture are normal
3 inhibitors neurotransmitters
GABA, histamine, glycine
Damage where gives you Broco’s aphasia?
Left frontal cortex
Parietal lesions features
Contralateral sensory loss/neglect
Agraphaesthesia
Failure to recognize faces
Parietal
Complex partial seziures and memory disturbances lesion
Temporal lobe
Global aphasia describes what? When do you get?
Combination of Broca’s and Wernicke’s
After a severe left hemisphere infarct
Dysarthria describes
Disordered articulation - slurred speech
Episodic memory
Long-term memory for events
Semantic memory
Knowledge of words
Implicit memory
Not conscious - how to ride a bike
Working memory
Short-term memory
Long term memory is divided into
Implicit (not conscious) and explicit (conscious)
Explicit memory is divided into
Episodic (for events) and semantic (for facts, words, knowledge)
Procedural memory falls under _______ memory
Implicit
Fast voluntary eye movements originate where?
Frontal lobes, then they descend and cross in the pons to end in the centre for lateral gaze (paramedic pontine reticular formation)
Each paramedic pontine reticular formation also receives input from
Ipsilateral occipital cortex
Vestibular nuclei
Damage to what leads to INO
MLF
What happens in INO?
In right INO, there is a lesion of the right MLF, on attempted left lateral gaze, the right eye fails to adduct
Failure of upgrade is caused by
Dorsal midbrain lesions
Acute lesion of one pyramidal tract causes
Flaccid paralysis Increased tone (UMN) signs follows
Hemiparesis definition
Weakness of the limbs on one side - usually caused by a lesion in the brain and occasionally in the cord
Hemiparesis symptoms depending on levels within the corticospinal tract
Motor cortex: weakness and/or loss of skilled movement confined to one contralateral limb or part of a limb - defect in cognitive function and focal epilepsy may occur
Internal capsule: sudden, dense, contralateral hemiplegia
Pons: Adjacent features (VIth and VIIth cranial nerve) are involved
Spinal cord: Ipsilateral UMN lesion
Spastic paraparesis indicates
Bilateral damage to corticospinal pathways - weakness and spasticity (flaccidity in initial phase)
Extrapyramidal system is a general term for
Basal ganglia motor systems: corpus striatum, subthalmig nucleus, substantia nigra
2 features of extrapyramidal disorders
- Bradykinesia (reduction in speed of movement)
2. Involuntary hyperkinetic movements (tremor, chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus)
Part of extrapyramidal system affected in Parkinson’s vs Huntington’s
Substantia Nigra, Putamen, Cortex
Corpus striatum
Hemiballism results from a lesion in the
Subthalmig nucleus
Cerebellum modulates
Coordination and learned movement patterns (rather than speed)
UMN is used interchangeably with
Pyramidal
