Neuro 1-40 Flashcards
What causes Normal pressure hydrocephalus
chronci reduction in CSF absorption at the arachnoid villi resulting in enlarged ventricles out of proportion to the overlying cortical atrophy. SInce it happens slowly the csf pressure is able to normalize (see early ataxia followed by frontal lobe dementia and urninary incontinenc)
What can cause congenital hydroxcephalus
structural malformation causing impaired CSF drainage (aqueduct stenosis, chiari malformations, dandy walker syndrome). Or secondary to infection (CMV, Toxo, Meningitis) or intraventricular hemmorage
What symptoms may be seen in Congenitial hydrocephalus
macrocephaly, poor feeding, MUSCLE HYPERTONICICITY, HYPERREFLOEXIA (due to it being an umn injury from stretched periventricular pyramidal tracts)
When are the clinical features of Fragile X most apparent
after puberty in males
what clinical features would you see in a fragile X male
Long narrow face, prominent forehead and chin, and LARGE testicals. Often have hyperlax joints in the hands. Developmental delays (speech and motor) common in infancy but neuropsych present in childhood (anxiety, adhd, autism)
How would you didfferentiate elhers danlos and Fragile X
Whil Ehlers Danlos has hyperlax joints it is not associated with intellectual diability llike fragile x
how would you differentiate klinefelters and fragile X
Whil klinefelters does have the mild inteectual disability klinefelter usually has smALL testis
with regards to the face describe teh differecnes between what CN VII and cranial nerve V carry
cranial nerve VII carries innervation to muscles of facial expression and courses within the parotid gland
Trigem via 3 provides sensation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication; it follows a deep course and is unlikely to be damaged by a parotid tumor
What is the length constant of an axon and what would increase or decrease it
Is the measure of how far an electrical impulse can propagate along an axon
Dec in length constant could be due to reeduced charge dissaptation by increasing membrane resistance- this can be done by demylinating an axon
What areas does Cranial nerve 9 supply general sensation for
inner surface of tympanic membrane, euistachian tube, posterior third of tongue, tonsilar region, upper pharynx (afferent gag), carotid body, and carotid sinus
What is Dysdiadochokinesia
Impaired rapid alternating movements which can be seen with lesions affecting the latteral cereibellar hemisophere
Decreased serum ceruloplasmin with elevated liver transsaminases can be indicative of what and what would you do
Wilsons disease or copper overload
Give D-Penicillamine which contains a free sulfhydryl group to function as a copper chelator
How would Wilsons diusease typically present in a child
Parkinsonism, gait sdisturbances, dysarthria, depression, personality changes, acute liver failure (basal ganglia injury)
kayser fleisher rings (depostiion of copper in the corneoscleral junction (LIMBUS)
how would lead poisoning typically present in a child
abdominal pain, constipation, akltered mental status
Treat with Edetate calcium disodium
impairment of what protein processing system can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders like parkinsons and alzheimers
Ubiquitin dependent protein catabolisms
Parkin, PINK1, and DJ1 are genes that code for a proein complex that promotes degredation of misfolded proteins via the ubiquitin proteasome cystem (each of those genes have mutations associated with autosomal recessive forms of early onset parkinsonism)
