Neural tube defects

Question 1

The three major NTDs are?

Answer 1

Encephalocele
Anencephaly
Spina bifida

Question 2

Encephalocele is a malformation of what?

Answer 2

The skull

Question 3

The majority of encephaloceles occur in the __ region of the brain, but they can alsooccur in the ___ area (forehead, nose, or eye socket)

Answer 3

occipital

frontal

Question 4

With encephaloceles, a portion of the brain protrudes in ___

Answer 4

a sac

Question 5

Children with encephaloceles often have? (4 things)

Answer 5

intellectual disability, hydrocephalus, spastic legs, and/or seizures

Question 6

There are better outcomes for encephaloceles if?

Answer 6

no associated brain abnormalities, other physical abnormalities, frontal rather than occipital, typical head circumference, and less brain tissue in the sac

Question 7

_____ is a more severe congenital malformation of the skull and brain

Answer 7

Anencephaly

Question 8

In anencephaly, no neural development occurs above?

Answer 8

the brainstem

Question 9

With anencephaly, about __ of these children are spontaneously aborted
Those who live rarely____

Answer 9

half

survive infancy

Question 10

____ is the most common neural tube defect

Answer 10

Spina bifida

Question 11

Spina bifida is a split of the ____

Answer 11

Vertebral arches

Question 12

Spina bifida can be isolated to the ___ or occur with a ____ that may contain part of the _____

Answer 12

bone
protruding meningeal sac
spinal cord

Question 13

____is the most common type of spina bifida and the most benign; hidden separation

Answer 13

Spina bifida occulta

Question 14

What type of spina bifida features no visible abnormalities on their back; no protruding sac; no symptoms (about 10% of the population)

Answer 14

Spina bifida occulta

Question 15

What type of spina bifida matches this description: “born with a visible abnormality on lower back such as a birthmark, tufts of hair, a dermal sinus, or lipoma; increased risk of meningitis and other infections; defects such as spinal cord being tethered or split can lead to neurological damage as the child grows, so surgery to correct should be performed early”

Answer 15

Occult spinal dysraphism (OSD)-

Question 16

A meningocele is an exposed _____ covering the spinal cord; usually, there are no _____ because spinal cord is not ____

Answer 16

membraneous sac
symptoms
entrapped

Question 17

A Meningomyelocele (myelomeningocele) is a?

Answer 17

sac with malformed spinal cord

Question 18

Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) is often referred to as _____

Answer 18

Spina bifida

Question 19

Symptoms of Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) include:

Answer 19

complete or partial paralysis,
sensory loss below level of spinal abnormality
Chiari type II malformation with hydrocephalus
Neurogenic bowel and bladder

Question 20

Most Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) are ___ and part of the spinal cord is visible as an ____

Answer 20

open

open sac

Question 21

Individuals with Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele)Typically have ____ that may present as _______

Answer 21

brain abnormalities

learning disabilities

Question 22

Meningomyelocele (Myelomeningocele) is called the

Answer 22

most complex congenital malformation compatible with life

Question 23

NTD malformation occurs by how long after fertilization?

Answer 23

26 days after fertilization of the egg during neurulation (the first step in formation of CNS)

Question 24

If part of the ______ does not close completely, an NTD results, and the spinal cord is malformed

Answer 24

neural groove

Question 25

Options for prenatal diagnosis of NTD

Answer 25

Measure levels of alpha-fetoprotein in mother’s serum during 16th-18th week of pregnancy
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis

Question 26

Primary Impairments in Children with Meningomyelocele

Answer 26

Brain abnormalities p. 456 Table 25-1 
Cognitive impairments
Neurological Impairments: 
Paralysis 
Loss of sensation
Learning disabilities
Chiari type II malformation with hydrocephalus 
Mobility impairment- (Table 25-2 p. 460)
Cognitive impairments
Seizure disorders
Fine motor impairments
Visual impairment