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Biology 121 > Neural Tissue Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Neural Tissue Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Nervous System

A

includes all neural tissue in body

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2
Q

Neural Tissue

A

2 kinds of cell: neurons and neuroglia

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3
Q

Neurons

A

cells that send and receive signals

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4
Q

Neuroglia

A

glial cells that support and protect neurons

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5
Q

Organs of Nervous System

A

brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors and nerves

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6
Q

CNS includes:

A

spinal cord, brain, neural and connective tissue, blood vessels

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7
Q

Functions of the PNS

A

deliver sensory info to CNS, carry motor commands, all neural tissue outside CNS

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8
Q

Function of the CNS

A

are to process and coordinate: sensory data, motor commands, higher function of brain

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9
Q

Nerves

A

aka peripheral nerves: bundle of axons w/ CT and blood vessels, carry sensory info and commands to PNS

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10
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

connect to brain

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11
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

attach to spinal cord

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12
Q

Functional Divisions of PNS

A

afferent and efferent divisions

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13
Q

Afferent Divison

A

carries sensory info from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

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14
Q

Efferent Division

A

carries motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

controls skeletal muscle contractions (reflexes)

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16
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions

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17
Q

Structure of Neurons

A

dendrites, nucleus, axon, cell body, synaptic terminal

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18
Q

The Multipolar Neuron

A

common in the CNS: cell body (soma), short, branched dendrites, long single axon

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19
Q

Axons

A

long, carries electrical signal (action potential) to target, critical to function

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20
Q

The Synapse

A

area where a neuron communicates with another cell

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21
Q

2 Types of Synapses

A

Neuromuscular junction: synapse b/w neurons and muscle. Neuroglandular junction: synapse b/w neuron and gland

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22
Q

Cell Interface

A

post/presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft/knob

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23
Q

Presynaptic Cell

A

neuron that sends messages

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24
Q

Postsynaptic Cell

A

cell that receives messages

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25
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

small gap that separates pre/post synaptic membrane

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26
Q

Synaptic Knob

A

expanded area of axons, contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters

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27
Q

3 Types of Sensory Receptors

A

Interoceptors, Exteroceptors and Proprioceptors

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28
Q

Interoceptors

A

monitor internal systems: digestive, respiratory, cardio, urinary. Internal sense: taste, deep pressure and pain

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29
Q

Exteroceptors

A

external sense: pressure, temp, touch. distance senses: sigh, smell, hear

30
Q

Proprioceptors

A

monitor position and movement (skeletal muscle and joints)

31
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibers (axons)

32
Q

2 Major Efferent Systems

A

somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)

33
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

includes ALL somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

34
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

visceral motor neurons innervate all peripheral effectors: smooth/cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, glands

35
Q

Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System

A

half the volume of the nervous system and many types of neuroglia in CNS and PNS

36
Q

4 Types of Neuroglia in the CNS

A

ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

37
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

highly branched processes and contact neuroglia directly

38
Q

Astrocytes

A

large cell bodies and many processes

39
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

smaller cell bodies and fewer processes

40
Q

Microglia

A

small and many fire branched processes

41
Q

White Matter

A

regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves

42
Q

Gray Matter

A

unmyelinated areas of CNS

43
Q

Main Membrane Processes in Neural Activity

A

action potential: electrical impulse, graded potential and propogates along surface of axon to synapse

44
Q

Sodium and Potassium Channels

A

membrane permeability to sodium and potassium determines transmembrane potential, either passive or active

45
Q

Passive Channels

A

aka leak channels, always open, permeability changes w/ conditions

46
Q

Active Channels

A

aka gated channels, open and closed in response to stimuli, rest potential most gated channels are closed

47
Q

3 Conditions of Gated Channels

A

closed but can open, open activated, closed and not capable of opening (inactivated)

48
Q

Depolarization

A

chemical stimulus applied, electrical impulse causes action potential

49
Q

Repolarization

A

chemical ions removed, returned to their previous resting state, with relaxation

50
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

increasing the negativity of the resting potential, result of opening a potassium channel, opposite effect, positive ions move out, not into cell

51
Q

Action Potential

A

propagated changes in transmembrane potential, affect entire membrane, link graded potential at cell body w/ motor end plate actions

52
Q

All -or-None Principle

A

if stimulus exceeds threshold amount: action potential same and no matter how large stimulus, eithered triggere or not

53
Q

Propagation of Action Potentials

A

moves action potentials in axon hillock along axon and repeat, not passive flow

54
Q

2 Methods of Propagating Action Potentials

A

continuous and saltatory propagation

55
Q

Continuous Propagation

A

unmyelinated axons, affects 1 segment of axon at a time

56
Q

Saltatory Propagation

A

faster and uses less energy than continuous, myelin insulates axon and prevents continuous propagation, current jumps from node to node, depolarization occurs at node only

57
Q

Axon Diameter and Propagation Speed

A

ion movement is related to cytoplasm concentration, xon diameter affects speed, large diameter lower resistence

58
Q

Type A Fiber

A

myelinated, large diameter, high speed, carry rapid info to/from CNS (position, balance, touch and motor impulses)

59
Q

Type B Fiber

A

myelinated, medium diameter, medium speed, carry intermediate signals (sensory info & peripheral effectors)

60
Q

Type C Fibers

A

unmyelinated, small diameter, slow speed, carry slower info (involuntary muscle and gland control)

61
Q

2 Types of Synapses

A

electrical and chemical synapse

62
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

signal transmitted across gap by neurotransmitters, found in most synapses, cells not in direct contact, action potential may or may not be propagated to postsynaptic cell depend on: amount of transmitters and sensitivity

63
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

direct physical contact b/w cells

64
Q

2 Classes of Neurotransmitters

A

excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

65
Q

Excitatory Transmitter

A

cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes and promote action potentials

66
Q

Inhibitory Transmitter

A

causes hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membranes and suppress action potentials

67
Q

The Effect of a Neurotransmitter on Postsynaptic Membrane

A

depends on receptor and not on the neurotransmitter

68
Q

The Effect of a Neurotransmitter on ACh

A

usually promotes action potential but inhibits cardiac neuromuscular junctions

69
Q

Cholinergic Synapses

A

any synapse that release ACh all neuromuscular junctions w/ skeletal muscle fiber

70
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition

A

action of an axoaxonal synapse at synaptic knob, decreases the neurotransmitter released by presynaptic membrane

Biology 121 (1 decks)

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