neural tissue Flashcards
List the four functional units of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS); receptors, effectors
What are the two divisions of the PNS
Afferent division and efferent division
What are the components of the CNS
Brain and spinal cord
What is the function of the CNS
Higher order functions, memory, learning information processing
What is the role of the afferent division
carries info to the CNS
What is the role of the efferent division
Carries info from CNS to muscles and glands
What is another name for the Afferent division
Sensory pathway
The sensory pathways receive data from
Special sensory receptors, visceral sensory receptors, somatic sensory receptors
What is another name for the efferent division
Motor division
List the components of the motor division
Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
What is the function of the somatic nervous system
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system
Control the function of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous systems
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What ANS division controls in times of stress
sympathetic
What ANS division controls in times of relaxations
parasympathetic
What is the term for a nerve cell
neuron
What neurons carry signals leaving the brain
Motor neurons
What neurons carry signals to the brain
Sensory neurons
Page 427 labels a, d, g, h, i
A- dendrites, D - axon hillock, G - Axon, H- telodendria, I, axon terminals
What are the structural classifications of neurons
anaxonic, unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
Describe the differences between anaxonic, unipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons
anoxinic multiple process all dendrites/ no axon, unipolar single elongated process, bipolar two processes, multipolar more than two processes multiple dendrites
What allows ions to pass through a neuron cell membrane
Chemical or electrical gates
Define osmosis
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from one solution to another solution that contains a higher solute concentration
Define diffusion
Passive molecular movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Define equilibrium
A dynamic state in which two opposing forces or processes are in balance
What is the resting potential of most neurons
-70 mV
What membrane potential triggers action potential
-60 mV
Another term for action potential
Nerve impulse
Action potential operates under what principle
All or none principle
What two ions affect Resting potential
K+ and NA+
What opens when the action potential threshold is reached
Voltage gated sodium channels open
What is the name of the electrical flow around an individual part of an axon
Local current
Define Action Potential
A propagated change in the membrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions
Define depolarization
Shifting the membrane potential to 0
Define hyperpolarization
Shifting the membrane potential over -70mV
Why does an nerve impulse not degrade over distance
Repetitive event propagating along the axon
Where does action potential begin
Axon hillock
What are the two types of action potential conduction
Saltatory and continuous
Describe the difference between Saltatory conduction and continuous
Continuous conduction the action potential spreads across the entire membrane in a series of small steps; Saltatory conduction the action potential skips from node to node, moving faster
What type of nerve would have Schwann cells myelinated around its axon, why
All PNS cell axons
Ion with primary influence on RP
potassium
Ion with primary influence on AP
sodium
List the types of cell membrane gates
Passive or leak channels, chemically regulated, voltage regulated
Where are chemically regulated gates located
On the dendrites and cell bodies
Where are voltage regulated gates located
On the axon hillock, the axon, and the nodes ranvier
What is the major neurotransmitter affecting sweat glans
acetylcholine
What are the two forces acting on the cell membrane
Diffusion and electrochemical
EPSP
Excitatory post synaptic potential
ipsp
Inhibitory post synaptic potential
The addition of stimuli at a single synapse repeatedly
Temporal summation
The addition of stimuli at multiple synapses simultaneously
Spatial summation
Chemical that depolarize cell membrane
Excitatory neurotransmitter - acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Chemical that hyper polarizes cell membranes
Inhibitory neurotransmitters - dopamine GABA serotonin
