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neural system Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain
spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

cranial nerves- 12 pairs
spinal nerves - 31 pairs
- brain to effectors
- effectors to spinal cord
afferent nerves
- sensory neurons
- impulses from receptors to CNS
efferent nerves
- motor neurones
- impulses from CNS to effectors

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3
Q

the brain

A

cerebrum- 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital)
cerebellum- little brain (coordinating movement by cerebral cortex)
diencephalon- thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (sensory integration and homeostasis regulation)
brain stem- connects brain to spinal cord (CV and respiratory control)

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4
Q

cranial nerves (12 pairs)

A
  1. nose, smell - sensory
  2. eye, vision - sensory
  3. upper eyelid and eyeball - motor
  4. movement of eyeball - motor
  5. touch, pair, chewing - sensory/motor
  6. eyeball movement - motor
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5
Q

sensory neurones

A

baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors/ proprioceptors
metaboreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors

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6
Q

baroreceptors

A

stretch receptors, sensitive to changes in blood pressure

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7
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical receptors, chemical environment of the blood

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8
Q

mechanoreceptors/ proprioceptors

A

muscle tension and length

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9
Q

metaboreceptors

A

skeletal muscle metabolites

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature regulation

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11
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

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12
Q

interneurons

A

pain response example - a shortcut needed
pass afferent transmission to efferent response without need to involve brain
spinal cord can control simple motor reflexes
brain controls more complex and sometimes subconscious motor reactions

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13
Q

myotatic/ stretch reflex

A

stretch sensed by M-spindles
afferent signal to spinal cord
sensory neurons transmit signal
- motor neurons
- interneurons
motor neurons send efferent impulses to agonist muscle to contract
interneurons block motor neurons signalling antagonist muscle to not contract

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14
Q

efferent division - control

A

autonomic nervous system
involuntary processes
-SNS and PNS
somatic nervous system
motor neurons
- skeletal muscle function

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15
Q

sensory function

A

to sense change in the internal and external environment through sensory receptors
afferent functions

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16
Q

integrative function

A

to analyse the sensory information, store some aspects and make decisions
interneurons

17
Q

motor function

A

to respond to stimuli by initiation of action
efferent neurons

18
Q

neurones

A

functional unites of nervous system
convert stimuli to nerve impulses

19
Q

neuroglia (microglia)

A

do not generate or conduct nerve impulses
protective and supporting

20
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

support cells in CNS

21
Q

astrocytes

A

regulate electrical transmission in brain

22
Q

motor unit

A

two components
- alpha-motor neuron (AMN)
- muscle fibres innervated by the AMN
three types
- slow ( type 1 fibres)
- fatigue resistant (type IIa fibres)
- fast fatiguing ( type IIx fibres)
one motor neuron innervates each single muscle cell

23
Q

anatomy of a neuron

A

dendrites (little trees)
- picking up signals
axon hillock
- nerve impulse generated
axon
- carries electrical impulse away from cell body
synapses
- contact point

24
Q

myelinated neuron

A

Schwann cells
- myelin sheath: most nerve fibres are surrounded by an insulating, fatty sheath called a myelin sheath
nodes of Ranvier (periodic breaks of myelin sheath)
speed of transmission of the impulses

25
nerve fibre groups
3 groups - A ( alpha, beta and gamma) which are all myelinated largest 5-20 microns and 130m/sec - B (nerve fibres) moderate myelination medium 2-3 microns and 15m/sec - C (nerve fibres) unmyelinated smallest 0.5-1.5 microns and 2 m/sec based on size and transmission
26
velocity of action potential
amount of myelination -faster in myelination axon diameter - faster as diameter increases temperature - faster as temp increase
27
action potentials
sequence of rapidly occurring events that reverse the membrane potential and then restore to a resting state excitable cells: neurons, muscle, endocrine membrane potential: difference in amount of electrical charge inside and outside the cell
28
resting membrane potential
2K+ inside and 3Na+ outside concentration of ions inside and outside - extracellular (Na+ and Cl- ) - cytosol (intracellular) (K+, organic phosphate - and amino acids-) membrane permeability differs for Na+ and K+ - 50-100 times greater for K+ - inward flow of Na+ can't match outward flow of K+ - Na+/K+ pump removes Na+ as fat as it leaks in
29
polarised membrane
a cell with a membrane energy difference is termed polarised occurs when sufficient stimulus depolarises the cell to threshold
30
membrane ion channels
leakage channels e.g. Na+, K+ voltage gated channels - Na+ (-55 mV) - K+ (+30 mV) ligand-gated ion channels
31
depolarisation
occurs when sufficient stimulus depolarises the cell - voltage gates Na+ open (-55mV) and sodium floods in - delayed closing of sodium channels - delayed opening of potassium channels
32
repolarisation
return to resting membrane potential - Na+ channels close - K+ leave the cell voltage gated K+ channels (+30 mV)
33
hyperpolarisation
delay in closing of voltage gated K+ channels
34
synapses
neurons need to communicate with other neurons or target cells - skeletal muscle membranes do not touch - separated by synaptic cleft communication occurs via synaptic transmisson - chemical synapse -electrical synapse
35
neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters by exocytosis excitatory -glutamate inhibitory - gamma aminobutyric acid both -acetylcholine -noradrenaline
36
excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) - depolarisation via ligand-gated Na+ channels inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - 'more' negative or hyperpolarised via ligand-gated Cl- and K + channels
37
signal summation
accumulation of multiple EPSPs on a postsynaptic cell - excitatory -inhibitory spatial summation - summation of effects of neurotransmitters released from several end bulbs onto one neuron temporal summation - summation of effect pf neurotransmitters released from 2 or more in rapid succession
38
refractory periods
excitable membrane needs recovery during the refractory period the region cannot be excited again absolute refractory period - unable to respond relative refractory period - stimulus must be substantially greater to evoke action potential a second action potential can be elicited by a supratheshold stimulus

physiology (9 decks)

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