Neural Structure & Function

Question 1

Anatomical Directions:

1. Anterior & Rostral
2. Posterior & Caudal
3. Dorsal
4. Ventral
5. Medial
6. Lateral

Answer 1

1. Front
2. Back
3. Top
4. Bottom
5. Middle
6. Side

Question 2

A wrinkled brain has…

Answer 2

…a greater surface area

Question 3

Function of Frontal Lobe

Answer 3

behavioural traits (personality, decision-making and motor control)
makes sense of info about the enviro, memories and emotions and it uses this info to make decisions.

Question 4

Function of Temporal Lobe

Answer 4

houses memories, emotions and language comprehension

contains hippocampus, V1 and Wernicke’s area

Question 5

Function of Parietal Lobe

Answer 5

integrates info from our senses to focus attention on enviro

receives signals from OL that reflect the location of objects in our VF

Question 6

Function of Occipital Lobe

Answer 6

decodes visual signals

Question 7

Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Answer 7

responsible for response inhibition

home of Broca’s area (controls language production)

Question 8

Function of Basal Ganglia

Answer 8

involved in flexibility (motor and cognitive)

control voluntary movements, habitual behaviours and emotions

Question 9

Functions:

1. Globus Pallidus
2. Putamen
3. Caudate Nucleus
4. Thalamus
5. Sub-thalamic Nucleus
6. Substantia Nigra

Answer 9

1. receives signals from caudate nucleus and putamen and sends info about motor control to cerebral cortex via thalamus
2. works with caudate nucleus to transfer info from frontal cortex to the globus pallidus, involved in initiation and learning of motor movements
3. conduit for info from cerebral cortex into basal ganglia
4. relays info from senses to cortex
5. dampens signals from the basal ganglia
6. initiates movements by sending signals to dorsal striatum (contains neurons that produce dopamine)

Question 10

Function of Limbic System

Answer 10

involved in emotion and motivation, learning and memory

contains cingulate cortex, thalamus, amygdala and septum

Question 11

Function of Ventricular System

Answer 11

allows toxic substances and waste products to be removed from the brain preventing harm to the CNS

Question 12

Function of Hypothalamus

Answer 12

responsible for functioning of organisms and communication with endocrine system

Question 13

Function of Hippocampus

Answer 13

important for learning and memory

Question 14

Functions:

1. Cingulate Cortex
2. Thalamus
3. Septum
4. Amygdala

Answer 14

1. group of interconnected brain structures involved in emotions
2. relays info from senses to cortex
3. ?
4. works with HC to create episode LTM

Question 15

Two main types of cells:

Answer 15

1. glial cells

2. nerve cells

Question 16

Glial cells are…
Active role in…
and determining…
Two types of glial cells are…

Answer 16

support cells
regulating neurotransmission
structural integrity of the brain
resting glial cells and active glial cells

Question 17

Astrocytes are…
Structure?
Function?

Answer 17

cells that control brain homeostasis
dendrite-like structure
does not conduct electricity and mainly controls the extracellular space, regulating the neurotransmitter levels

Question 18

Microglia are…

Answer 18

immune cells that corneal the health of the brain

Question 19

Oligodendrocytes are…
Function of Myelin Sheath:
Multiple Sclerosis:
Multiple/different oligodendrocytes contribute to the myelination…

Answer 19

cells that are involved in the formation of the myelin sheath around neuronal axons
insulation that speeds up the AP moving from the cell body to the terminal region where NT are released
demyelination of cells
of one/same neuron

Question 20

Satellite cells are…

Answer 20

peripheral astrocytes

Question 21

Schwann cells are…

Answer 21

peripheral oligodendrocytes

Question 22

The role of radial cells (early development stages) are to….
Neuronal Precursor Cells (cells that develop inter-neurons) attach and wrap themselves….
Patients with schizophrenia have cells…

Answer 22

determine the placement of neuronal cells in the CNS
around stalks and move along them to the position where they need to be, once they reach the position they detach
in a different position in the HC

Question 23

Nerve cells are...
1. Allows...
2, Can be subdivided in different types of cells based on...
3. They are be very...
4. They can not...
5. They are excitable and can...
6. They can communicate via...
7. They consume large amounts of energy and...

Answer 23

neurons

1. communication from one part of the brain to the other
2. size, biochemical composition and structural characteristics
3. large
4. divide anymore, however in parts of the brain embryonic stem cells can develop into neurons
5. conduct electricity
6. two different kinds of mechanisms
7. without oxygen, die within a few minutes

Question 24

In the hippocampus area there are specific ESC that can….
It is important for the function….
In major depression neurogenesis is reduced and antidepressants can…

Answer 24

fully develop into neurons and move out of the layers into other parts of the brain, allowing neurons to get into the right position
at the HC
increase this neurogenesis, the development of new neurons from ESC.

Question 25

Neurons: Basic Structure Input Part – info from other... Propagating Part – AP... Transferring Part – chemical messengers/NT...

Answer 25

neuronal cells come in movement (electricity) are being released

Question 26

``` Neurons: Basic Function Cells have a.... The membrane is a... To ensure... Ions are... All cells in the body have channels for... Neuronal cells have channels for... The phospholipid bilayer is the core of the... ```

Answer 26

thick membrane surrounding them lipophilic part (fat-loving structure) all the components are retained within the cell water soluble, do not like to be in a fatty environment, therefore do not move across the membrane K+ to move through (small gaps in the fatty layer) Na+ ions, to move electricity (AP generation) neuronal membrane and forms a barrier to water-soluble ions

Question 27

Neurons: Resting Potential There are more K+ K+ is hydrophilic, therefore... Under resting conditions...

Answer 27

inside the cell than outside the cell unable to move across the membrane K+ channels are open and Na+ channels are closed

Question 28

Neurons: Resting Potential 1. K+ flows... 2. K+ flow is impeded by the... 3. An equilibrium is... 4. The Nernst Equation 5. In general cells are charged around... The more K+ flows out, the more the outside becomes...

Answer 28

out because of the concentration gradient electric gradient established between the two forces -60mV to -80mV (inside negative) positivity charged, the more there will be an electrical gradient forcing K+ inside

Question 29

Neurons: Action Potential 1. When cells become stimulated above a certain threshold... 2. The concentration and electric gradient... 3. The polarity of the cell changes... 4. At a specific polarity... 5. K+ flows out again... Na and K pushed against concentration gradients which.. Energy required to maintain...

Answer 29

1. the Na+ channels open (voltage-gated channels - neuronal cells) 2. forces Na+ into the cell 3. inside positive 4. Na+ channels close again 5. to restore the resting potential costs at lot of energy the right concentration of Na (extracellularly) and K (intracellularly)

Question 30

Neurons: Action Potential Refractory Na+ channels open at ? and close at ? When the Na+ channels close after being opened they enter... In this state they... which prevents the Na+ from... Although this refractory state only lasts.... It is enough to prevent the cells from.... Moreover, it ensures that...

Answer 30

``` -70mV and 10mV into a refractory state cannot be opened opening immediately a few milliseconds firing too much action potentials move into one direction only ```

Question 31

Neurons: Neurotransmission Na+ channels open, AP electrical gradient moves from... The small space between two neurons is called... NT are synthesized in neuronal cells and located in... Another channel opens when an AP arrives... Ca+ flows into the cell and activates.... As a consequence of all these biochemical processes, the vesicles move... The content of the vesicles (MT) are... Some NT bind to a receptor, the post-synaptic cells gets a signal (activation), that signal is transmitted to another cell. Activation of this cell leads to.... Activation of this cell may inhibit.... Activation of the post-synaptic cell or inhibition of the post-synaptic cell... This process is very fast.

Answer 31

the cell body to the terminal region the synapse specific neurons, stored in specific vesicles Ca+ channel the proteins in the cells towards the membrane and merge with the membrane and open up released into the synaptic cleft. the activation of the other cell. the firing of the other cell. info from one cell has been transferred to the other cell.

Question 32

Neurons: Neurotransmission 1. Biogene amines 2. Amino acids 3. Neuropeptides Stored in... Neuropeptides are...

Answer 32

``` Acetylcholine Dopamine Noradrenaline Adrenaline Histamine Serotonin ``` GABA Glutamate Aspartate Glycine ``` Endorfin Enkephaline(s) Dynorphin Cholecystokinin Bradykinin Substance P Substance K Neurotensin Somatostatin Neuropeptide Y ``` Vesicles Larger

Question 33

Neurons: Neurotransmission NT are synthesized in.... NT are stored in... Peptides are not synthesized in... There are no re-uptake transporters for.... When peptides bind to receptors, they are... Neuropeptides work slower and.... Same cells releases more than... Different NT are stored in... This allows for additional...

Answer 33

terminal region vesicles, released, taken up, recycled. the terminal region, but are synthesized in the cell body. peptides degraded extracellularly or diffused out. replenish themselves one NT (generally neuropeptide and classical NT) different vesicles flexibility in communication between neuronal cells

Question 34

Neurons: Neurotransmission NT interact with... There are always more than 1 receptor per NT... The NT receptors can belong to different functional classes... Irrespective of whether NT bind to ionotropic or metabotropic receptors, they change the...

Answer 34

specific receptors not always (oxytocin has one receptor) Ionotropic and Metabotropic electrical properties (membrane potential) of the postsynaptic cells either depolarising it (-80mV to -70mV) or hyper-polarising it (-80mV to -90mV) leading to excitation or inhibition

Question 35

Neurons: Ionotropic receptors 3 Examples: The opening and closing of the receptor is dependent on whether a....

Answer 35

GABAA receptor NMDA receptor Nicotinergic receptor NT binds or not (referred to ligand gated ion channels)

Question 36

Neurons: Ionotropic receptors - GABAa

Answer 36

Activation of benzodiazepine site by itself does not affect channel opening. This will only occur after GABA has bound to the receptor: when GABA binds to the receptor, additional binding of benzodiazepines lead to an increase in the frequency with which the channel is opened

Question 37

Neurons: Metabotropic receptors Metabotropic receptors in the CNS belong to... They all have the same overall general structure: A single long chain of amino acids with... This leads to a 3D structure with... This receptor binds to a G-protein and can... The second messenger system (G-protein) binds to the... Gs – ? coupled to adenylate cyclase Gi – ? coupled to adenylate cyclase Go – coupled to... Gq – coupled to...

Answer 37

``` G-protein coupled receptors 7 hydrophobic (lipophilic stretches) 3 extracellular and 3 intracellular loops induce many complex changes in the cell third intracellular loop ``` positively negatively ion channels phospholipase C

Question 38

Neurons: Metabotropic receptors Amino acids sit in the... Substances cannot flow through – do not form a channel NT bind on the outside, it forces transmembrane domains to open that leads... The structure of this receptor changes from... It is detected intracellularly and leads to... By binding on the outside, the 3D structure changes, the conformation of the receptor, which leads to activation of the intracellular routes, leading to activation of processes in the cell.

Answer 38

membrane intracellularly to a closing of those intracellular parts of those transmembrane domain the NT binding activation of processes

Question 39

Neurons: Metabotropic receptors G-proteins binds... In resting state (when the receptor is not activated), GDP is bound to the protein which consists of... When the receptor is activated, the NT released from the pre-synaptic terminal binds to the... When the NT binds, GDP is changed to... G protein splits up... Indirectly activates ion channels and changes inside the cell

Answer 39

GDP alpha, beta and gamma tightly bound together. outside of the receptor, compressing the outside open and the inside tightly together, the 3D structure (third intracellular domain) starts to change it’s configuration, and activates the G-protein. GTP (additional phosphate is added), activates G-protein. alpha unit separates from beta and gamma unit

Question 40

``` Ionotropic Receptors Consists of multiple (5) proteins that form... Activation by a NT or drug (ligand)... Limited... Fast... Usually has multiple... ``` ``` Metabotropic Receptors Consists of a... Activation by a NT or drug (ligand) splits the... More widespread... Somewhat slower... Usually has only one... ```

Answer 40

``` an ion channel opens the channel, allowing ions to flow into or out of the cell action response binding sites ``` ``` single protein receptor-coupled G-protein in two parts and induces biochemical changes actions response binding site ```