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HSCI 325 > Neural Control of Exercising Muscle > Flashcards

Neural Control of Exercising Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

CNS (Central) and PNS (Peripheral)

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2
Q

What is the CNS and PNS composed of?

A

Brain/Spinal Cord & PNS composed of sensory and motor nerves

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3
Q

What are sensory and motor nerves also known as?

A

afferent and efferent

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4
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

informing the CNS about what is going on within and outside the body (incoming)

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5
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

responsible for sending information from the CNS to the various tissues, organs, and systems of the body in response to the signals coming in from the sensory division (outgoing)

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6
Q

What are the motor nerves composed of?

A

autonomic and somatic nervous system; voluntary to skeletal muscles; involuntary to internal organs and bodily functions

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system further divided into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the neuron and what three regions is it composed of?

A

neuron is the basic unit of nervous system; cell body, dendrites, and axon

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9
Q

Describe the cell body.

A

it contains a nucleus; cell processes radiate outward

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10
Q

Describe dendrites.

A

receives cell processes; carries impulse toward the cell body

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11
Q

Describe the axon.

A

sends cell processes by starting at the axon hillock; has end branches, terminals, and nuerotransmitters

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12
Q

Where does communication occur with the electrical signal?

A

between the periphery and brain

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13
Q

How is the electrical signal generated, propagated, and then transmitted?

A

stimulus; down an axon; to the next cell in line

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14
Q

What is the difference in electrical charges between the outside and inside of the cell?

A

-70 mV

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15
Q

Why is there a difference in electrical charges between the outside/inside the cell?

A

uneven separation of charged ions; polarized

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16
Q

Why is it -70 mV?

A

There is a higher concentration of sodium cells outside the cell and medium # of potassium cells; more negative inside to outside

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17
Q

Can Na+ ions enter the channel?

A

They’re unable to, but channels are closed.

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18
Q

Are K+ channels open?

A

Yes; K+ ions leave the cell.

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19
Q

Describe the pathway of how the neuron allows nerve impulses travel:

A

dendrites > cell body > axon hillock > axon > axon terminal

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20
Q

What are axon terminal (synaptic knobs) filled with?

A

neurotransmitters

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21
Q

When does depolarization occur?

A

when the inside of the cell becomes less negative (-70 mV to 0 mV)

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22
Q

Why does depolarization occur?

A

as more positively charged sodium channels open, the Na+ ions enter the cell

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23
Q

Which is required for nerve impulses to arise and travel?

A

depolarization

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24
Q

When does hyperpolarization occur?

A

when the inside of the cell becomes more negative (-70 mV to -90 mV), more K+ channels open, allowing K+ to leave the cell

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25
Q

Which makes it harder for nerve impulses to arise and travel?

A

hyperpolarization

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26
Q

What are graded potentials (GP), do they excite or inhibit?

A

localized changes in membrane potential; both cause depolarization/hyperpolarization

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27
Q

What are action potentials?

A

rapid/substantial depolarization of the neuron’s membrane; passes signal down the axon; only excitatory

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28
Q

Where are the ESPS’ being integrated?

A

at the axon hillock

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29
Q

What is it called when the membrane voltage at which graded potential becomes an action potential?

A

threshold

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30
Q

Can another action potential be generated, if it is already open?

A

If an axon’s sodium channels are open, they are all open, thus unable to respond to another stimulus

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31
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

period from the initiation of the action potential to immediately after the peak’ a period in which another stimulus will not occur

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32
Q

What is the relative refractive period?

A

the interval of time during which a second action potential can be initiated, but initiation will require a greater stimulus than before

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33
Q

Which two characteristics determine how quickly a impulse can pass along an axon?

A

myelination and neuron diameter

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34
Q

Propagation of the action potential.

A
  1. resting membrane potential
  2. depolarizing stimulus
  3. membrane depolarizes to threshold causing Na+ channels open allowing Na+ ions to enter
  4. Rapid Na+ entry
  5. Na+ channels close and slower K+ channels open
  6. K+ moves from the cell to the ECF
  7. K+ channels remain open and more K+ ions leave, causing hyper-polarization
  8. Voltage-gated K+ channel’s close
  9. Cell returns to resting ion permeability and RMP
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35
Q

What is the inhibitory signal and the excitatory signal?

A

K+ efflux (hyper-polarization);

Na+ influx (depolarization)

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36
Q

-70 to -55 mV

A

depolarizing GP; Na+ influx

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37
Q

-55 to +30 mV

A

depolarizing AP; Na+ influx

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38
Q

+30 to -70 mV

A

re-polarizing AP, K+ efflux

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39
Q

Are Na+ channels open during the relative refractory period?

A

No, but could reopen.

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40
Q

Why do larger axon diameters result in faster propagation?

A

larger neurons present less resistance to local current flow

41
Q

How are myelin sheaths formed?

A

specialized cells called schwann cells

42
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node

43
Q

What is the synapse?

A

junction or gap between neurons; serves as site of neuron-to-neuron communication

44
Q

Describe how the signal changes form across the synapse

A

presynaptic to synaptic to postsynaptic; electrical to chemical to electrical

45
Q

What do axon terminals contain? What do they serve, carry, bind to, and stimulate?

A

contains neurotransmitters;
serves as chemical messengers;
carries electrical action potential across the synaptic cleft;
bind to receptor on postsynaptic surface;
stimulates graded potential in postsynaptic neuron

46
Q

What is the site of the neuron-to-muscle communication?

A

neuromuscular junction, where the postsynaptic cell is a muscle fiber

47
Q

What is used as the neurotransmitter in neuron-to-muscle communication?

A

acetylcholine

48
Q

Where does ACh bind to and what does it do?

A

binds to receptor at motor end plate and causes depolarization by opening up the sodium channels

49
Q

Where does the action potential travel along?

A

spreads along the plasmalemma, down the T-tubules

50
Q

Does the plasmalemma undergo re-polarization, after it has been depolarized?

A

yes; sodium gates close and potassium gates remain open

51
Q

Which category of neurotransmitters is rapid-acting?

A

small molecules

52
Q

Which category of neurotransmitters is slow-acting?

A

large molecules; neuropeptides

53
Q

Which two neurotransmitters govern exercise?

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

54
Q

What does the ACh stimulate?

A

skeletal muscle contraction; mediates parasympathetic nervous system effects

55
Q

What does NE stimulate?

A

mediates sympathetic nervous system effects; can be either excitatory or inhibitory

56
Q

What does binding to the postsynaptic membrane cause?

A

graded potential

57
Q

What is the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A

excitatory impulse causing depolarization

58
Q

What is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A

inhibitory impulse causing hyperpolarization

59
Q

Which, EPSP or IPSP, prevents AP?

A

IPSP as it is hyperpolarizing and inhibitory

60
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitters once an impulse has been successfully transmitted?

A

destroyed by enzymes, removed by reuptake int the presynaptic terminal, or diffuses away from the synapse

61
Q

Acetylcholine regulates

A

somatic nervous system

62
Q

Norepinephrine regulates

A

autonomic nervous system

63
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem

64
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

65
Q

What is regulated by the hypothalamus?

A

regulating almost all processes that affect the body’s internal environment

66
Q

What are some things that are regulated by the hypothalamus?

A 
blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility; 
respiration;
digestion;
body temperature;
thirst and fluid balance;
neuroendocrine conntrol;
appetite and food intake; and
sleep-wake cycle
67
Q

What is the brain stem composed of?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

68
Q

What is the brain stem connected to and why?

A

connects to and information relays between brain/spinal cord

69
Q

What does the brain stem contain autonomic centers for?

A

respiratory and cardiovascular systems

70
Q

What is the specialized collection of neurons called, which influences and is influenced by?

A

reticular formation

71
Q

What are the neurons of reticular formation helping with?

A

coordinate skeletal muscle function;
maintain muscle tone;
controls cardiovascular/respiratory functions; and
determines state of consciousness (arousal/sleeP)

72
Q

what is continuous by the spinal cord?

A

medulla oblongata

73
Q

Are afferent fibers sensory or motor?

A

sensory

74
Q

Are efferent fibers sensory or motor?

A

motor

75
Q

Are afferent fibers descending or ascending?

A

ascending

76
Q

Are efferent fibers descending or ascending?

A

descending

77
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are connected to the brain?

A

12

78
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the brain?

A

31

79
Q

Do both types of nerves (spinal and cranial) supply blood to skeletal muscle?

A

Yes

80
Q

What does the sensory division of the PNS carry sensory information toward?

A

from periphery to the brain

81
Q

What are the major families of sensory receptors?

A 
mechanoreceptors (physical forces)
thermoreceptors (temperature)
nociceptors (pain)
photoreceptors (light)
chemoreceptors (chemical stimuli)
82
Q

What are the special families of sensory receptors?

A

joint kinesthetic receptors;
muscle spindles; and
golgi tedon organ

83
Q

Describe joint kinesthetic receptors.

A

sensitive to joint angles and rate of angle change; senses joint position/movement

84
Q

Describe muscle spindles.

A

sensitive to muscle length (rate of change); senses muscle stretch

85
Q

Describe golgi tendon organs.

A

sensitive to tension in tendon; senses strength of contraction

86
Q

What does the motor division of the PNS carry sensory information toward?

A

from brain to periphery

87
Q

How many subdivisions are included in the motor division? What are they?

A

2 subdivisions;

autonomic and somatic

88
Q

Describe the autonomic and somatic subdivisions.

A

autonomic: regulates visceral activity; and
somatic: stimulates skeletal muscle activity

89
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

involuntary internal functions

90
Q

What exercise-related autonomic regulation are involved?

A

heart rate, blood pressure, and lung funnction

91
Q

What are the complementary divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

92
Q

What nervous system is the fight or flight system associated with?

A

autonomic-sympathetic nervous system; prepares body for exercise

93
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system stimulate?

A 
increases: 
heart rate and blood pressure; 
blood flow to muscles;
airway diameter;
metabolic rate, glucose levels, FFA levels; and 
mental activity
94
Q

What nervous system is the rest and digestion system associated with?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

95
Q

What does the parasympathetic stimulate?

A

increases digestion and urination;
conservation of energy;
decreased heart rate; and
decreased diameter of vessels/airways

96
Q

What are the five sequential steps in sensory-motor integration?

A
  1. stimulus sensed by sensory receptor
  2. sensory action potential on sensory neurons to CNS
  3. CNS interprets sensory information, sending out an response
  4. motor action potential sends out on a alpha-motor neuron
  5. arrives at skeletal muscle and response occurs
97
Q

What is the sensory-motor integration?

A

represents communication/interaction between the sensory/motor systems

98
Q

What is the motor reflex?

A

instant, programmed response to stimulus (which is unchanged every time)

99
Q

Which motor unit has more fibers? Fewer fibers?

A

gross motor control; and fine motor control

HSCI 325 (1 decks)

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