Neural Control, Exercising Muscle, Resistance Training

Question 1

difference between sensory and motor neurons and the direction they go in

Answer 1

Sensory- carries sensory info to CNS. Originate in blood vessels, internal organs, muscles and tendons, skin, sensory organs; end in spinal chord or brain; mechanoreceptors: pressure and touch; thermoreceptors: temp change; nocireceptors: pain; photoreceptors: respond to light to allow vision; chemoreceptors: respond to chemical stimuli

Motor- from CNS to rest of body; determines how body should respond to input

Question 2

difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

autonomic: controls body’s involuntary internal functions; split into sympathetic and parasympathetic
somatic: voluntary movements

Question 3

difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 3

sympathetic: “fight-or-flight” system; prepares body for crisis (acute stress or physical activity in this case); ex. heart rate increase, vasoconstriction, glucose released for energy, bronchodilation
parasympathetic: “housekeeping” system; more active when one is calm/at rest; effects oppose those of the sympathetic; ex. digestion, urination, conservation of energy, decreased heart rate, constriction of coronary vessels, bronchoconstriction

Question 4

know the basic structures of the neuron and how they apply to signal conduction

Answer 4

nerves are excitable tissue; nerve impulse arises when stimuli is strong enough to change the charge of the neuron

Question 5

Resting membrane potential

Answer 5

caused by an uneven seperation of charged ions across the membrane (-70mv); considered polarized when when charges differ; K+ ions on the inside and Na+ ions on the outside; cell is more permiable to K+; sodium-potassium pumps maintain imbalance (3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in)

Question 6

Graded Potential

Answer 6

localized charges in the membrane potential, either depolarization or hyperpolarization; gates open if enough stimulation and changes polarization; triggered by change in neuron local enviornment; normall not strong enough to do much

Question 7

Action Potential

Answer 7

rapid and substantial depolarization of the neuron’s membrane (lasts 1ms); changes from -70 to +30 and then back to resting value

Question 8

Depolarization, Hyperpolarization, Repolarization – including what happens with the sodium & potassium gates, etc

Answer 8

Depolarization- occurs when the charge difference becomes more positive than RMP of -70 mV, change in membranes Na+ permeability

Hyperpolarization- when charge difference increases, moving RMP to a more negative value

Repolarization- K+ moves out of the cell, returns to RMP

Question 9

Absolute refractory period vs. relative refractory periods

Answer 9

Absolute: when axon’s Na gates are open and generating an AP, can’t respond to other stimuli

Relative: Na gates closed, K gates open, repolarization occurs, axon can potentially respond to a new stimulus, but must be greater

Question 10

How is the signal transmitted to the next neuron? Where? What is electrically and chemically needed?

Answer 10

AP travels down to axon terminals then pass through synapse and then to dendrites or soma of another by way of neurotransmitters

Question 11

The neurotransmitter used in muscle contractions

Answer 11

acetylcholine

Question 12

golgi tendon organ

Answer 12

sensory receptors where muscle fibers pass; sensitive to tension, respond to contraction of single muscle fiber and inhibit contraction of agonist and excite antagonist muscles; function as a saftey device