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Biology A2 > Neural Communication > Flashcards

Neural Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Action potential

A

A brief reversal of the potential across the membrane of a neurone, causing a peak of +40mV compared to the resting potential of -60mV

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2
Q

Positive feedback

A

A mechanism that increases a change taking the system further away from the optimum

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3
Q

Resting potential definition

A

The potential difference across the membrane while the neurone is at resting

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4
Q

Resting potential

A

About -60mV

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5
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

A pressure sensor found on the skin

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6
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Cells/sensory nerve endings that respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of the organism - can create action potentials

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7
Q

Transducer

A

A cell that converts one form of energy into another

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8
Q

What do most energy transducers do?

A

Convert one form of energy to another

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9
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the environment that elicits a response

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10
Q

How do sensory receptors respond to a stimulus

A

Respond by creating a signal in the form of electrical signal

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11
Q

What does a change in light intensity result in

A

Light sensitive cells (rods and cones) in the retina (sensory receptor) convert light to electrical signals

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12
Q

What does a change in temperature result in?

A

Temperature receptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the change and convert heat to electrical energy

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13
Q

What does changes in pressure on the skin result in?

A

The Pacinian corpuscles in the skin detect the change and convert movement to electrical energy

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14
Q

What does a change in sound result in?

A

Vibration receptors in the cochlea of the ear detect the change and convert movement to electrical energy

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15
Q

What does a change of chemicals in the air result in?

A

Olfactory cells in epithelium lining the nose detect the presence of a chemical and create an electrical nerve impulse

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the Pacinian corpuscles

A
  • An oval shaped structure

- Consists of a series of concentric rings of connective tissue wrapped around the end of a nerve cell

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17
Q

How does the Pacinian corpuscles detect the stimulus?

A

-When pressure on the skin changes this deforms the rings of connective tissue, which push against the nerve ending

18
Q

Energy transducer

A

Transforms one mode of energy into another e.g. Chemical to electrical

19
Q

What are neurones more specialised channels specific to?

A

Sodium and potassium

20
Q

Approximately what is the potential difference across a resting neurone?

A

-65 millivolts (mV)

21
Q

What is the cell membrane said to be when the cell is inactive?

A

Polarised (negatively charged inside compared to the outside)

22
Q

How many sodium ions are transported across the cell membrane for how many potassium?

A

3 sodium out for 2 potassium in

23
Q

What do cells associated with the nervous system have?

A

Specialised channel proteins e.g. Sodium channels are specific for sodium

24
Q

What will happen if protein channels are permanently open?

A

Ions will diffuse across the membrane until their concentrations on either side reach an equilibrium

25
Q

What happens across a membrane due to sodium channels being sensitive?

A
  • As they are so sensitive to small movements across the membrane, when the membrane is deformed by the changing pressure the sodium channels open.
  • This allows sodium ions to diffuse into the cell producing a generator potential (receptor potential)
26
Q

What is the role of the sodium/potassium pump?

A
27
Q

How is a nerve impulse created?

A

By altering the permeability of the nerve cell membrane to sodium ions

28
Q

How is the creation of a nerve impulse achieved?

A
  • By opening the sodium ion channels
  • As the sodium ion channels open, the membrane permeability is increased and sodium ions can move across the cell membrane down their concentration gradients into the cell
  • Movement of ions across the membrane creates a change in the potential difference across the membrane
  • Inside of cell becomes less negative (depolarisation)
29
Q

What happens if only a small stimulus is detected?

A

Only a few sodium channels will open

30
Q

The larger the stimulus…..

A

The more gated channels will open

31
Q

What happens if enough sodium gates are open?

A

Enough sodium ions will enter the cell, the potential difference across the cell membrane changes significantly and will initiate an impulse or action potential.

32
Q

Motor neurones

A

Neurones that carry an action potential from the CNS to the effector muscle

33
Q

Myelinated neurones

A

Has an individual layer of myelin around it. Myelin sheath

34
Q

Non-myelinated neurones

A

Has no individual layer of myelin

35
Q

Relay neurones

A

Join sensory neurones to motor neurones

36
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Neurones that carry an action potential from the sensory receptor to the CNS

37
Q

What does the cell body of all neurones contain?

A

Many mitochondria, a nucleus and ribosomes

38
Q

What is different about motor neurones?

A
  • Motor neurones have their cell body in the CNS and have a long axon that carries an AP out to an effector
39
Q

What is different about sensory neurones to other neurones?

A
  • Sensory neurones have a long dendron carrying the AP from the sensory receptor to the cell body, which is positioned just outside the CNS
  • Have a short axon carrying the AP into the CNS
40
Q

What is different about relay neurones to other neurones?

A
  • Relay neurones connect the sensory and motor neurones together
  • Have many short dendrites and a short axon
  • No. Of dendrites and divisions of the axon is variable
41
Q

Structures that are the same in all neurones

A
  • long so to transmit action potential over a long distance
  • cell surface membrane with many gated ion channels
  • sodium/potassium pump that uses ATP to actively transport ions
  • maintain a potential difference across the membrane
  • axon carries impulse away from cell body
  • axon surrounded by myelin sheath
42
Q

What are the advantages of myelination?

A
  • Myelinated neurones can transmit AP much quicker, typically 100-120 ms-1
  • Myelinated tend to be longer and can so carry APs further

Biology A2 (3 decks)

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