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Biology > Neural Communication > Flashcards

Neural Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens at the synapse

A
  1. electrical impulse arrives at presynaptic neurone
  2. neurotransmitters are found inside vesicles
  3. these are released and diffuse across synaptic cleft
  4. they attach to the receptors on postsynaptic neurone
  5. this generates an impulse
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2
Q

which receptors detect touch/pressure

A

mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

which receptors detect chemical change

A

chemoreceptors

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4
Q

which receptors detect a change in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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5
Q

which receptors detect a change in light

A

photoreceptors

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6
Q

what’s the main example of a mechanoreceptors

A

percinian corpuscle

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7
Q

what’s a generator potential

A

receptor converting stimuli into nervous impulse

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8
Q

what’s a transducer

A

transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy

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9
Q

what’s a transducer

A

transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy

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10
Q

What happens ween the percinian corpasule is stimulated

A
  1. pressure causes lamellae to stretch and deform
  2. stretch mediated Na ion channels open
  3. Na ions diffuse into neurones
  4. greater the stimulus, the more open channels
  5. depolarisation of neurons is called generator potential
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11
Q

what’s the resting potential

A

difference in charge between inside and outside the axon

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12
Q

what’s the resting potential in humans

A

-70mV

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13
Q

explain what happens when there’s an incoming action potential

A
  1. AP causes depolarisation causing Ca+ channels to open
  2. Ca+ flood into synaptic knob by facilitated diffusion, down an electrochemical gradient
  3. Ca+ causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
  4. releases acetylcholine into the cleft
  5. this is then realeased into the synaptic cleft
  6. neurotransmitter binds to receptors on Na+ channels - causing a confirmational change in the channels, opening the channels
  7. acetylcholinesterase breaks up the acetylcholine into acetyl and choline (Na+ channels wouldn’t close if not broken down)
  8. products diffuse back across cleft into presynaptic neurone
  9. ATP from mitochondria is used for recycling acetylcholine - more AC can be made at the SER
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14
Q

what’s the all or nothing principle

A

action potential only happens if stimulus reaches a threshold value (-55mV)

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15
Q

what’s the refractory period

A

time after depolaristation where no new action potential can start, no stimulus will trigger an AP

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16
Q

why is the refractory period important

A
  • gives more time to restore voltage
  • Na+ channels can’t be opened as it’s depolarised
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17
Q

what’s the salatory conduction

A

the AP jumping between schwann cells as it only occurs at the node of Ranvier

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18
Q

what’s summation

A

low frequency action potential often releases insufficient neurotransmitters to exceed threshold

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19
Q

spatial summation is…

A

number of different presynaptic neurones share same synaptic cleft
together they can release enough NT to creat an AP

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20
Q

temporal summation is…

A

a single presynaptic neurone releases NT many times over a short period of time

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21
Q

what does GABA do

A

it binds to receptors of chloride ion channels of postsynaptic membrane
if open chloride ions flood into postsynaptic neurone
this hyperpolarises the neurone
makes it harder to reach threshold

22
Q

what is GABA

A

an inhibatory neurotransmitter

23
Q

what are the characteristics of the autonomic NS

A
  • subcouncious control
  • automatic
  • impulses sent to glands and smooth cardiac muscles
24
Q

what are the characteristics of the somatic NS

A
  • concious control
  • voluentary
  • impulses sent to body’s muscles
25
Q

what’s an example of the somatic NS

A

catching a ball

  1. eyes detect the ball moving towards you
  2. brain asses the information
  3. instructs muscles of arm to reach out and catch the ball
26
Q

what’s an example of the autonomic NS

A

sweating

  1. receptors dectect body getting too hot
  2. impulses are sent to your skin
  3. skin responds by releasing sweat
27
Q

what are the two nervous systems in the peripheral NS

A

autonomic and somatic NS

28
Q

what are the two nervous systems in the peripheral NS

A

autonomic and somatic NS

29
Q

what are the two nervous systems within the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

30
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

31
Q

what does the PNS consit of

A

sensory and motor neurones, and all the nerves

32
Q

what’s the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight
e.g. heart rate increases as a response

33
Q

what’s the sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight
e.g. heart rate increases as a response

34
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

relaxing reponses
e.g. lowering heart rate

35
Q

what does the hypothalamous do

A

temperature regulation
osmoregulation

36
Q

what does the hypothalamous do

A

temperature regulation
osmoregulation

37
Q

what does the cerebrum do

A

control voluentary actions
learning
memory
personality
vision

38
Q

what does the cerebrum do

A

control voluentary actions
learning
memory
personality
vision

39
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

controls unconcious actions
balance
posture

40
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

controls unconcious actions
balance
posture

41
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

used in automatic control
controls breathing and heart rate

42
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do

A

used in automatic control
controls breathing and heart rate

43
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

stores and releases hormones

44
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

stores and releases hormones

45
Q

What is the sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle fibres

46
Q

What type of cell transmits impulses to muscles

A

Motor nueurones

47
Q

What are muscle fibres

A

Bundles of long cells that make up skeletal muscle

48
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of the muscle fibre

49
Q

What are t-tubules made from

A

Invaginations of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm

50
Q

What’s the function of t-tubules

A

Spread electrical impulses though out the sarcoplasm so they can reach all parts of the muscle fibre

51
Q

How does the sarcoplasm reticulum differ from the endoplasmic reticulum

A

SR contains calcium ions whereas ER is involved in protein or lipid synthesis

Biology (5 decks)

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