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Information Systems > Networks & Internet Protocols > Flashcards

Networks & Internet Protocols Flashcards

1
Q

IS Infrastructure Components

A
  • System software
  • Storage
  • Networking
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2
Q

database characteristics

A
  • tools for collecting and organising information
  • organised to facilitate data searches
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3
Q

what is application software

A

Application software is the software tools used to complete the work required to operate and manage an organization.

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4
Q

define operating systems + examples

A

control computer hardware operations

  • Manages hard drives and storage
  • Manages keyboard, mouse, monitor, and printers
  • Coordinates application access to computing resources
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5
Q

3 types/uses of storage

A

Operational: For processing transactions or for data analysis

Backup: Short-term copies of organisational data, used to recover from system-related disaster. Backup data are frequently overwritten with newer backups

Archival: Long-term copies of organisational data, often used for compliance and reporting purposes

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6
Q

components of networking

A
  1. sender
  2. transmission channel & protocols
  3. message
  4. receiver
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7
Q

Networking and Communication Trends

A

Convergence: Telephone and computer networks converging into single digital network using Internet standards

Broadband: accessibility increases

Broadband wireless: Data communication are increasingly done over wireless platforms (VoIP)

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8
Q

Major components in simple network

A
  • Client and server computers
  • Network interfaces (NICs)
  • Connection medium
  • Network operating system
  • Hubs, switches, routers
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9
Q

define software-defined networking (SDN)

A

Functions of switches and routers managed by central consule

The goal is to enable cloud computing and network engineers and administrators to respond quickly to changing requirements via a centralised control console.

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10
Q

components of networks in large companies

A
  • Hundreds of LANs linked to firmwide corporate network
  • Various powerful servers
    • Website
    • Corporate intranet, extranet
    • Backend systems
  • Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)
  • Videoconferencing system
  • Telephone network
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11
Q

Key digital networking technologies

A
  1. Client/server computing
  2. Packet switching
  3. TCP/IP and connectivity
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12
Q

characteristics of client/server computing

A

Distributed computing model

  • Clients linked through network controlled by network server computer
  • Server
    • sets rules of communication for network and
    • provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network
  • The Internet: largest implementation of client/server computing
  • Has largely replaced centralised mainframe computing
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13
Q

explain packet switching

A
  • Method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling packets at destination
    • Sometimes a conversion between digital and analog occurs, because phone lines and other connects still use analog signals: a modem translates this
    • Previous circuit-switched networks required assembly of complete point-to-point circuit
    • Packet switching more efficient use of network’s communications capacity
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14
Q

TCP/IP and connectivity

A

Protocols: rules that govern transmission of information between two computers

  • IP is a core protocol and a format for information in transit (IP packet)
  • TCP uses IP to provide a reliable mechanism to send sequences of bytes from source to destination
  • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
  • Department of Defense reference model for TCP/IP
    • Four layers
  1. Application layer
  2. Transport layer
  3. Internet layer
  4. Network interface layer
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15
Q

Types of Networks

A

Personal Area Network (PANs) (e.g. bluetooth, infrared, wifi)

Local area networks (LANs) (schools, home, office)

  • ethernet
  • client/server vs. peer-to-peer
  • wireless or Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Metropolitan area networks (MANs)

  • owned by consortium or by a single network provider who sells the service to the users.
  • links to WAN

Wide area networks (WANs)

  • larger coverage than a MAN or global
  • owned by carriers and global telecommunications providers
  • fibre-optic cables, microwave and satellite
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16
Q

internet addressing uses …

A

unique IP addresses to every device on the Internet (32-bit number)

17
Q

purpose of the the Domain Name System (DNS)

A
  • Converts IP addresses to domain names
  • Hierarchical structure
  • Top-level domains
18
Q

relationship between severs, clients, and peers (P2P)

A

Sever: hosts (serve up) data, databases, files, applications, Web sites, video, and other content for access over the network

Clients consume hosted resources

Peers serve and consume resources, both a server and a client interacting with similar computers

19
Q

Network Topologies

A
20
Q

what is peering

A

peering is a voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic

  • ISPs exchange traffic directly
  • Keeps local traffic within a country or region
  • Traffic does not have to go through a 3rd ISP
  • Based on a commercial agreement.
  • For example: shared cost model with no settlement for traffic exchanged
21
Q

different types of physical transmission media

A
  • Twisted pair wire (CAT5)
  • Coaxial cable
  • Fiber optics cable
  • Wireless transmission media and devices
    • Satellites
    • Cellular systems
22
Q

types of transmission speeds

A
  • Bits per second (bps)
  • Hertz
  • Bandwidth
23
Q

What are ISPs and types of Internet connections?

A

Internet Service Providers provide connections

Types of Internet connections

  • Dial-up: 56.6 Kbps
  • Digital subscriber line (DSL/FIOS): 385 Kbps–40 Mbps
  • Cable Internet connections: 1–50 Mbps
  • Satellite
  • T1/T3 lines: 1.54–45 Mbps
24
Q

Who establishes Internet standards?

A

Professional organisations and government bodies

25
Q

The role of the Internet Backbone

A

The Internet backbone connects to regional networks, which in turn provide access to Internet service providers, large firms, and government institutions.

Network access points (NAPs) and metropolitan area exchanges (MAEs) are hubs where the backbone intersects regional and local networks and where backbone owners connect with one another.

26
Q

Network Neutrality

threatened by a tiered service model for online transmission

A

Broadband access, its ubiquity, ease of access and cost to consumers are important. Operators may be tempted to discriminate in favour of their own services or those of third party partners to the detriment of competitive offerings.

The most important principle of net neutrality is the idea that internet service providers (ISPs) should give consumers access to all legal content and applications on an equal basis, without favouring some sources or blocking others.

This is where we start to see a domino effect — a business can’t afford to pay an ISP for premium service, it loses its online audience, it then loses its advertisers and can no longer afford to produce new content. Not only does this scenario stifle competition in the realm of digital content creation, but it also reduces overall digital ad supply while demand remains high. This creates increased competition for advertisers that are already struggling to reach consumers, given the rise of ad-blocking technology. Furthermore, this puts additional pressure on ad networks to maintain premium inventory out of a limited supply.

We could be looking at a sponsored Internet in the future, where the only things Verizon subscribers see is the information those providers want them to see.

27
Q

The Future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2

A

IPv6

  • New addressing scheme for IP numbers
  • Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses
  • Not compatible with current addressing

Internet2

  • Advanced networking consortium
  • Universities, businesses, government agencies, other institutions
  • Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network
  • Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet
28
Q

examples of Internet Services

A
  • E-mail
  • Instant messaging
  • Newsgroups
  • VoIP
  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
  • World Wide Web
29
Q

Client/Server Computing on the Internet

A
30
Q

VoIP and VPNs

A

Voice over IP (VoIP)

  • Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching
  • After the data is scrambled by packet switching, a processor nearest the call’s destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.

Virtual private network (VPN)

  • Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet
    • PPTP
    • Tunneling
31
Q

How search engines work

A
  1. User search request
  2. SE web server receives request
  3. Request is send to index severs and finds relevent keywords and PageRank web documents
  4. Prepares small text summary
  5. Outputs results to user
32
Q

Web 2.0

A

Blogging, Wikis, Social Media

Enabling collaboration, sharing information, and creating new services online.

  • Interactivity
  • Real-time user control
  • Social participation (sharing)
  • User-generated content
33
Q

Web 3.0

A

The “Semantic Web”

  • Adds layer of meaning to the existing Web
  • Goal is to reduce human effort in searching for and processing information, making Web more intuitive
  • Increased communication and synchronisation with computing devices, communities
  • Developed by W3C
  • Internet of Things
  • Visual Web
  • Increased cloud computing, mobile computing
34
Q

802.11 Wireless LAN

A

Mobile computers with wireless network interface cards link to the wired LAN by communicating with the access point.

The access point uses radio waves to transmit network signals from the wired network to the client adapters, which convert them into data that the mobile device can understand.

The client adapter then transmits the data from the mobile device back to the access point, which forward the data to the wired network.

35
Q

WiMax (802.16)

A
  • Wireless access range of 31 miles
  • Require WiMax antennas
36
Q

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

A

Use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and location.

Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances to special RFID readers, which send data over network to computer for processing.

  • Requires companies to have special hardware and software
  • Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms

Common uses:

  • Automated toll-collection
  • Tracking goods in a supply chain
37
Q

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

A

Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless devices embedded into physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces.

  • Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and antennas
  • Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to endure in the field without maintenance
  • Major sources of “Big Data” and fuelling “Internet of Things”

Examples:

  • building security,
  • detect hazardous substances in air
  • monitor environmental changes, traffic, or military activity
38
Q

When may a convernsion between analog and digital occur?

A

during package switching using a modem

Information Systems (8 decks)

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