Networks, Change and Gender

Question 1

Social Networks

Answer 1

• density
  – how many people you know
  -multiplexity
  – people you know in different settings

Question 2

Gender differences for Ballymacarrette

Answer 2

Men: work locally
-More non standardless

Women: work in shops outside the neighborhood
- More standard lang.use

Question 3

Hammer and Clonard

Answer 3

• most people word outside the community
• little difference (both use standard)
  -NOTE: Clonard (networks are less dense and multiplex)

Question 4

Epiphenomenal

Answer 4

• things are correlated with the affect, but isn’t quite the reason

Question 5

Who uses the Standard Variant the most?

Answer 5

• Women from Ballymacarrette
  (greatest interaction with the outside world)

Question 6

Why are there difference in languages use

Answer 6

• socialization
  -gender expectations
  -expectations is to connect within the whole community
  -same positions; behave the same linguistically

Question 7

Younger Women in Clonard…

Answer 7

• use less standard variation of the language in normal settings
• the young women have a cohesive group (work together and socialize together)

Question 8

the “Typical” pattern

Answer 8

• bunch of studies of variation have a similar finding
• women tend to use Standard Variant more than men

Question 9

Why do women use the Standard Variant more?

Answer 9

• NOT biology; is a social factor (pressure from above)
• difference in Status; compensatory in a sense
  -strategic technique

Question 10

Differences between Male and Female

Answer 10

• socialized for different roles
• NOT due to biological differences.
  LEARNED difference

Question 11

False Dichotomies (Debbie Cameron)

Answer 11

• Argues the use of Masc. and Fem terms are detrimental to Fem
• “men and women are radically different and non-overlapping”

Question 12

False Dichotomies (why they exist)

Answer 12

• fabricate to make distinctions between categories
• we look for and invent them
• Nurture not nature

Question 13

Are there any ill effects on women?

Answer 13

• sexism
• seclusion
  -continues to support expectations that there IS a difference

Question 14

Socialization

Answer 14

• societal norms are taught
• there a greater pressure for women to adhere to societal norms

Question 15

dichotomies examples

Answer 15

• masc. vs fem (????)
• singular vs plural
• (+) vs (-)
  *** they all do a bad job of describing the reality of the system

Question 16

Componential analysis

Answer 16

an object has certain qualities that distinguish it from another similar thing
- analyzing semantic features of nouns
-binary comparisons of small features to distinguish words

ex: chair vs stool
- Chair [+furniture for sitting] [+legs] [+back]
- Stool [+furniture for sitting] [+legs] [-back]

Question 17

componential analysis
- male vs female

Answer 17

man [+ male]
Woman [- male]

**artificial indoctrination of negative connotation with fem.

Question 18

Grammatical Gender

Answer 18

• not universal
• don’t always correspond to biological differences (girl = neuter in GER.)

Question 19

“Neutral” Gender

Answer 19

• people, friend, candidate, surgeon
• they/them

Question 20

issues between (3)

Answer 20

• problems with
  1. Grammatical gender
  2. Natural gender
  3. Common gender

Question 21

issues with: Grammatical gender

Answer 21

• is there a link between grammatical gender and sex?
• certain words that are masc in a language are given more “strong” adjectives and/or nouns
• other words that are fem. are “softer”

**ex of using language to keep women in their place in society

Question 22

Gender in language (issues/consequences)

Answer 22

• unfavorable towards women
  -note: descriptive grammars were/are mostly written by men

Question 23

Androcentric Generics

Answer 23

• the use of “he” as an inclusive term to refer to both men and women
• “mankind” “man-made” “manpower”

Question 24

Issues with Androcentric generics

Answer 24

• women feel excluded
• men become the default in minds
• there is a clear distinction in the perceived abilities of men/women

Question 25

Alternative (improvements) to androcentric

Answer 25

• pluralize
• “they”
• “one”
• possessive pronouns (the writer’s book)
• rewrite to be inclusive

Question 26

language reform

Answer 26

• social change = lang. change
• social proceeds lexical change