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ICND1 > Networking Fundamentals > Flashcards

Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

TCP/IP Layers

A 
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical (phys and data link used to be combined as "link")

Please Do Not Tackle Aardvarks

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2
Q

Explain same-layer vs. adjacent-layer ineractions

A

Same-layer is between computers.

Adjacent-layer is between layers on the same computer.

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3
Q

What are the two most common transport-layer protocols?

A

Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol

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4
Q

Examples of TCP/IP Application Layer protocols

A

HTTP, POP3, SMTP

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5
Q

Examples of TCP/IP Transport Layer protocols

A

TCP, UDP

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6
Q

Name a TCP/IP Internet Layer protocol

A

IP

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7
Q

Name some TCP/IP Link Layer protocols

A

Ethernet, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), T1

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8
Q

What are the three TCP/IP messages, and what layer are they on?

A

“segment for the transport layer,
packet for the network layer,
and frame for the link layer”

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9
Q

SNMP Ports

A

UDP 161 & 162

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10
Q

DNS ports

A

UDP 53

TCP 53 for zone transfers

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11
Q

OSI Application Layer

A

Layer between application and communications software.

Also defines processes for user authentication.

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12
Q

OSI Presentation Layer

A

Defines and negotiates data formats such as ASCII, binary, JPEG.

Encryption is defined in this layer.

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13
Q

OSI Session layer

A

Defines how to start, end and control covnersations.

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14
Q

OSI Transport Layer

A

Error recovery, flow control and other issues related to data delivery to another computer.

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15
Q

OSI Network Layer

What are the three main components

A

Logical addressing, routing (forwarding) and pan determination.

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16
Q

OSI Data link layer

A

Defines rules for when devices can send data over a particular medium. Also defines header and trailer allowing delivery.

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17
Q

Informal and formal IEEE standard names for 1Gb Ethernet over fiber

A

1000-BASELX

802.3x

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18
Q

Formal and informal IEEE standard name for 10Gb Ethernet

A

802.3an

10GBASE-T

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19
Q

Formal IEEE standards for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T

A
  1. 3
  2. 3u
  3. 3ab
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20
Q

Ethernet NICs transmit on pins …
Switches transmit on pins ….
(10 or 100 mb)

A

NICs transmit on 1,2

Switches transmit on 3,6

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21
Q

802.3ad

A

Link aggregation allows you to group Ethernet interfaces on the physical layer. Forming a LAG (link aggregation group)

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22
Q

Ethernet Types (header byte) for IPv4 and IPV6

A

0600

86DD

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23
Q

OSI Physical Layer

A

Defines physical attributes of the transmission medium.

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24
Q

PDU

A

Protocol data unit: OSI General definition for a packet/segment of data including a header, footer and encapsulated data.

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25
Q

MAC

A

Media access control

802.3

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26
Q

MAC

A

Media access control

802.3

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27
Q

T1 Speed

A

1.544Mbps

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28
Q

CSU/DSU

A

“channel service unit/data service unit”

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29
Q

What does HDLC stand for?

A

High-level Datalink Control

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30
Q

What are the HDLC fields?

A

Flag: equivalent to Ethernet preamble
Address: HDLC is point to point only, but provides backward compatibility for ‘years ago’.
Control: like Ethernet ‘type’ field, identifies layer 3 encapsulation
FCS: Frame Check Sequence, same as Ethernet

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31
Q

Does ISO HDLC have a type field?

A

No, Cisco added one in their version of HDLC

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32
Q

What is EoMPLS?

A

Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching. Similar to Ethernet emulation- services emulating an Ethernet link using other protocols

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33
Q

PSTN?

A

Public Switched Telephone Network

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34
Q

DSL equivalent of CMTS

A

DSLAM = DIgital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

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35
Q

IPv4 header size

IPv4 address size

A

20 bytes

32 bits (4 bytes)

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36
Q

What is convergence time?

A

The time between a router losing a route, and finding a new route to the destination

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37
Q

IP class ranges (first octet)

A 
Class A: 1-126
( 127 reserved)
Class B: 128-191
Class C: 192-223
Class D: 224-239 (multicast)
Class E: 240-255 (experimental)
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38
Q

3 pieces of information in an arp request

A

Sender IP
Sender MAC
requested IP

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39
Q

Ping protocol

A

Internet Control Message Protocol

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40
Q

A TCP unit of data is actually called …

A

A PDU or layer 4 PDU or a segment.

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41
Q

The three parts of a TCP socket

A

The IP address
The Transport protocol
The port number

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42
Q

TCP/IP transport layer features

A 
Multiplexing using ports
Error recovery
Flow control using windowing
Connection establishment and termination
Ordered data transfer and data segmentation
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43
Q

Size of UDP header

A

8 bytes

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44
Q

3 jobs of switches

A

Dividing when to forward a frame based on MAC address
Learning Mac addresses be recording source addresses of incoming traffic
Creating a layer 2 loop-free environment using spanning tree

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45
Q

What are the three types of packet forwarding that switches employ?

A

Store and forward
Cut through
Fragment free (forward after 64 bytes, so as to not forward collision packets)

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46
Q

What are the three layers of a campus lan design?

A

Access, distribution and core

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47
Q

What are the media types and cabling distances of

10-baseT
100-baseT
1000-baseT
1000-baseSX
1000-baseLX (2 types)
A

10-baseT: CAT3 2 pairs, 100m (328 ft)
100-baseT: CAT5 2 pairs, 100m
1000-baseT: CAT5e/6, 550m (1804 ft)
1000-baseSX: multimode fiber 50 micron, 550m
1000-baseLX (2 types): multimode fiber 50&62 micron , 550
Or 9 micron single mode , 5km (3.1 mi)

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48
Q

IEEE autonegotiatiom

A

802.3u

“Speed: Sense the speed (without using autonegotiation - Cisco addition), or if that fails, use the IEEE default (slowest supported speed, often 10 Mbps).
Duplex: Use the IEEE defaults: If speed = 10 or 100, use half-duplex; otherwise, use full-duplex.”

Excerpt From: Odom, Wendell. “CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert Guide (Tony Vigil’s Library).” Cisco Press, 2013. iBooks.
This material may be protected by copyright.

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49
Q

Default console port settings

A 
“9600 bits/second
 No hardware flow control
 8-bit ASCII
 No parity bits
 1 stop bit
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50
Q

Configure password in iOS

Console and telnet

A

Line con 0
Login
Password bob

Line vty 0 15
Login
Password bob

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51
Q

Fields of UDP header

A

Source port
Destination port
Length
Checksum

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52
Q

For QoS characteristics

A

Bandwidth
Delay
Jitter
Loss

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53
Q

IOS command line:

Jump to start and end of line

A

Control-A and control-E

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54
Q

iOS command line

Jump to beginning and end of line

A

Control-A and Control-E

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55
Q

iOS command line

Interrupt current command

A

Control-shift-6

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56
Q

iOS command line

Redid play current command line - useful if console texts overruns it

A

Control-R

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57
Q

The 4 most common switch configuration modes

A
  • Global (conf t)
  • Line (line vty 0)
  • Interface (int fe 0/0)
  • VLAN (vlan 1)
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58
Q

What is stored in flash memory?

A

iOS image

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59
Q

What are the two commands to check ssh status on a switch?

A

Show IP ssh: status info about the server itself

Show ssh: shows info about clients currently connected to switch

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60
Q

What is stored in nvram?

A

Startup config

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61
Q

What is stored in switch/router rom

A

Bootstrap program

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62
Q

Spanning tree: IEEE specification

A

802.1d

63
Q

The three commands to erase switch nvram

A

Write erase
Erase startup-config
Erase nvram

64
Q

How to jump back to enable mode from any configuration submode

A

End
Or
Control-Z

65
Q

Commands to allow local user accounts in iOS

A

Line vty 0 15
Login local
Username bob password pass
Username Nancy password Jackson

66
Q

How to enable/disable telnet management on a switch

A

transport input all or transport input telnet ssh: Support both
transport input none: Support neither
transport input telnet: Support only Telnet
transport input ssh: Support only SSH”

67
Q

The three switch banner commands

A

Banner # (MOTD)
Banner login # (login)
Banner exec # (post login)
# = arbitrary delimiter

68
Q

How do you set the history size for all sessions?

A

History size x

From console line or vty mode

69
Q

Console logging commands

A

Logging console
No logging console
Logging synchronous (doesn’t let logging interrupt command line)

70
Q

Command to time out vty sessions

A

Exec timeout (minutes) (seconds)

71
Q

Configure management IP on switch

A 
Conf t
Interface vlan 1
IP address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
(Or: IP address DHCP)
No shutdown
72
Q

Configuring switch port security steps

A

Switchport mode trunkOR

Switch pit

73
Q

How to confirm IPv4 functioning (aside from config)

A

Show interface vlan 1

74
Q

Show switch dhcp status

A

Show ip dhcp lease

75
Q

How do you set the history size for this session only?

A

Terminal history size x

76
Q

What is the switch command to encrypt passwords? (Line, vty, and ssh)

A

service password-encryption

No service password-encryption

77
Q

What are the 2 vlan tagging protocols?

A

802.1Q and ISL (ISL is old news)

78
Q

How many bits does 802.1q (and ISL) use for VLAN identification? How many vlan ids does this allow?

A

12 bits - (4096, but effectively 4094 because 0 and 4096 are reserved)

79
Q

What are the normal and extended vlan ID ranges?

A

1-1005 and 1006-4094

1002-1005 are unavailable

80
Q

Configure multiple switch interfaces at once

A

Interface range fastethernet 0/5 - 16

81
Q

What is VTP and what are the three modes

A

Largely ignored, Vlan trunking protocol has three modes: server, client and transparent. It is normally left in transparent mode. If you find that you can only use 1-1005 you may not be in transparent mode.

82
Q

How do you disable CDP globally and per interface?

A

Globally: no CDP run
Int: no CDP enable

83
Q

What is a runt?

A

It’s a packet below the 64-byte minimum. Can be caused by collisions.

84
Q

What are Giants?

A

Frames that exceed 1518 bytes.

85
Q

What are late collisions?

A

Collisions that happen after the 64-byte mark. Shouldn’t happen if all equipment is healthy.
Can be a sign of Duplex mismatch!

86
Q

Show to show Mac table

A

Show MAC address-table (note single hyphen…. Older units hyphenate Mac-address-table)

87
Q

What are the two types of trunking?

A

ISL (old) and 802.1q

88
Q

How to configure switch port trunk mode

A

Switchport trunk encapsulation isl | 802.1q |negotiate

89
Q

What does DTP stand for

A

Dynamic trunking protocol

90
Q

Commands to set up ssh on switch

A

Line vty 0 15
Logon local
Username bob password bobpass

Ip domain-name example.com
Crypto key generate rsa

Ip ssh version 2

91
Q

Configuring port security

A

Switchport mode access (or trunk)
Switchport port-security
Switchport port-security maximum (max)
Switchport port-security violation (protect|restrict|shutdown)
Switchport port-security mac-address (mac)
Or
Switchport port-security Mac-address sticky

92
Q

Port security: difference between protect, restrict and shutdown

A

Protect: block traffic from offender
Restrict: block and log/snmp
Shutdown: block, log and shutdown port

93
Q

Does a switch port shutdown when a port security violation occurs?

A

No, it enters “error-disabled” status

94
Q

Three ways to secure unused switch ports

A

Administratively shut down port

Prevent VLAN trunking: Switchport mode access

Assign to unused VLAN: Switchport access VLAN x

Change native VLAN to non-default: Switchport trunk native VLAN x

95
Q

Command to set allowed clans on a trunk

A

Switchport trunk allowed vlad (add/remove/all/except)

96
Q

How to enble/disable CDP

A

No CDP enable / CDP enable
Or
No CDP run / CDP run

97
Q

Which command shows all vlans on a switch and all interfaces assigned to the vlans (but not trunks)

A

Show vlan
Or
Show vlan brief

98
Q

Which command shows both access and trunk ports In a particular vlan?

A

Show vlan Id

99
Q

What is the command to show an interface’s access and voice vlans plus the operational mode? (Access or trunk)

A

Show interfaces Switchport

100
Q

WIC

A

WAN Interface Card

101
Q

Show interface info on router

A

Show ip interface brief

Show interfaces

102
Q

Can you discover all known vlans on a switch by looking at the running config?

A

No- this doesn’t cover those learned by VTP

103
Q

How do you find out if VTP is enabled on a switch?

A

Show VTP status

104
Q

Two ways to shut down vlAn 30

A

Shutdown vlan 30 (global)

Or

Vlan 30
Shutdown

105
Q

Can you use this command to configure both ends of a trunking link between switches?

Switchport mode dynamic auto

A

No, auto is passive so neither end will negotiate trunking

106
Q

What are the two best commands to diagnose trunking problems on a switch?

A

Show interfaces trunk

Show interfaces Switchport

107
Q

What is the Cisco formal design process?

A

PPDIOO

“Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, and Optimize.”

108
Q

Class A valid network numbers

A

1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0

109
Q

Class B valid network numbers

A

128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0

110
Q

Class C valid network numbers

A

192.0.0.0 -223.255.255.0

111
Q 
Number of
Class A networks
Class B networks
Class C networks
And hosts per networks
A

A: 126 nets / 16,777,214 hosts
B: 16384 nets / 65,534 hosts
C: 2,097,152 nets / 254 hosts

112
Q

Private network ip spaces

A

Class A: 10.0.0.0. Networks:1
Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0(16)
Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0 (256)

113
Q

RFC FOR private address spaces

A

RFC 1918

114
Q

Line status / protocol status

A

Administratively Down/down: in is in shutdown
Down/down: physical layer problem
Up/down: data link layer problem - poss protocol mismatch
Up/up: shamma!

115
Q

Key router show commands

A 
Show up interface brief (no masks)
Show protocols
Show interfaces (most detail)
116
Q

Router wan link basic setup

A

Clock rate - needed if direct DCE DTE connection, otherwise CSU/DSU provides clock signal

117
Q

Router: what show command shows the wan link clock rate?

A

Show controllers serial 1/1

118
Q

When routing vlans, how does the switch port facing the router need to be configured?

A

Switchport mode trunk

119
Q

How to set up vlan 10 on router port 0

A

Int fastethernet 0/0.10
Encapsulation dot1q 10
IP address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

120
Q

Enable routing on a layer 3 switch (2900)

A

Sdm prefer lan-based-routing
Int vlan 10
IP address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

121
Q

Set secondary IP address on a router interface

A

IP address 10.1.1.1 255.255.355.0 secondary

122
Q

Allow zero subnet on router

A

Ip subnet-zero

123
Q

Permanent ip route

A

Stays in routing table even if interface is down

Ip route bla bla bla permanent

124
Q

IGP/EGP

A

Exterior/interior gateway protocol

IGPs route within an Autonomous System, EGPs between them

125
Q

ASN

A

Autonomous System Number

126
Q

Command to show the router’s OSPF neighbors

A

Show ip OSPF neighbors

127
Q

OSPF Router ID

A

Router ID
RID
32-bit number so often IP is convenient default. But can be configured.

128
Q

OSPF Hello message is a….

A

Multicast
IP protocol 89
Sent to 224.0.0.5

129
Q

When will OSPF neighbors decide not to be neighbors?

A

If the IPs are not in the same subnet

130
Q

Basic OSPF configuration

A

Router OSPF 1 (arbitrary process id- doesn’t have to match other routers)
Network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

(Octets with zero mask must match)

131
Q

What does the OSPF wildcard mask match?

A

Networks on the router’s own interfaces

132
Q

Recommended OSPF area size

A

There is none- some texts recommend max 50 routers but it depends on CPU and RAM. “Few dozen” routers may call for using areas

133
Q

Area border routers

A

OSPF: routers have to separate areas. Links always exist in a single area

134
Q

What is the command to enable OSPF on an interface?

A

There isn’t one. The addy determines whether the interface exists in the network that is OSPF enabled

135
Q

OSPF configuration commands

A

Router OSPF 1
Router id 1.1.1.1 (optional)
Network 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 [area 0]

136
Q

Three IGP routing protocol algorithms

A

Distance vector
Advanced distance vector (balanced hybrid)(EIGRP)
Link state (Ospf, ISIS)

137
Q

Default administrative distances for RIP, OSPF, EIGRP

A

120,110,90

138
Q

How to set administrative distance on a route

A

Ip route 10.0.01 255.255.255.0 210

139
Q

LSA

A

Link state advertisement

140
Q

Finding out if an OSPF interface is passive

A

Show ip OSPF interface

Int brief ones that indicate passive status

141
Q

How to advertise default route in OSPF

A

Default-information originate

Add always to advertise even if the route isn’t working

142
Q

What are the DHCP messages?

A 
DORA
discover
Offer
Request
Acknowledgment
143
Q

DHCP config steps

A 
Ip dhcp excluded address (start) (end)
Ip dhcp pool (name)
Network (subnet-I'd) (mask)   Or (subnet-I'd)(length)
Default router (r1,r2)
Dns server (s1,s2)
Lease (days) (hours) (minutes)
Domain-name (name)
144
Q

DHCP server verification commands

A

Show ip dhcp binding
Show ip dhcp pool
Show ip DHCP statistics

145
Q

DHCP conflicts

A

Show ip DHCP conflict

Clear ip DHCP conflict

146
Q

Types of DHCP conflicts

A 
Gratuitous arp (client)
Ping (server found)
147
Q

Access list commands

A

“access-list access-list-number {deny | permit} source [source-wildcard]”

Interface: “ip access-group number {in | out}”

148
Q

Difference between “show access-lists” and “show ip access-lists?

A

Show ip access lists - IPv4 only

149
Q

Command to show Windows routes

A

Netstat -rn

150
Q

Examples of classless and classful routing protocols

A

Classful: IGRP, RIP-1
Classless: RIP-2, EIGRP, OSPF

151
Q

Dynamic nat- clear addys

A

Clear ip nat translation *

152
Q

Set up ntp server

Show ntp stats and status

Show ntp server info

Become ntp server

A

“# ntp server 172.16.2.2 version 4”

show ntp status

show ntp associations

Ntp master

153
Q

Private network ranges

A
  1. 0.0.0-10.255.255.255 (1 network)
  2. 16.0.0-173.31.255.255 (16 networks)
  3. 168.0.0-192.168.255.255 (256 networks)
154
Q

Dynamic NAT - PAT Setup

A

“ip nat inside source list acl-number interface type/number overload”

ICND1 (1 decks)

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