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Network+ > Networking Fundamentals > Flashcards

Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of OSI Model

A

1 - Physical
2 - Data Link
3 - Network
4 - Transport
5 - Session
6 - Presentation
7 - Application

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2
Q

Ethernet frame

A

Preamble
Start frame delimiter
Destination MAC
Source MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS

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3
Q

IP Packet header

A

Header
Source IP address
Destination IP address
Payload

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4
Q

TCP Header

A

Source Port
Destination Port
Sequence number
Acknowledgement number
DO
RSV
Flags
Window Size
Checksum
Urgent pointer

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5
Q

UDP Header

A

Source Port
Destination Port
Length
Checksum

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6
Q

TCP flags

A

SYN - synchronize, establish connection
ACK - acknowledge
FIN - finish
PSH - push, do not buffer
URG - urgent
RST - reject packet

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7
Q

MTU

A

maximum transmission unit - largest PDU size that can be sent in one transmission

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8
Q

Mesh topology

A

Multiple connections between nodes

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9
Q

Star/hub-and-spoke topology

A

All nodes connected to a central device (switch or hub)

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10
Q

Bus topology

A

All nodes connected to a central line (bus) that must be terminated at each end.

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11
Q

Ring topology

A

Each device is connected to two other devices on either side. Mostly unidirectional.

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12
Q

Hybrid topology

A

a combination of different types

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13
Q

Peer-to-Peer network

A

Each node is connected to each other acting as both server and client

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14
Q

Client-server

A

Client machines want to use resources; servers have these resources

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15
Q

LAN

A

Local Area Network

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16
Q

MAN

A

Metropolitan area network - a large network that connects machines in a local area - larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN

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17
Q

WAN

A

Wide area network - spans a large area, connects multiple LANs together

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18
Q

WLAN

A

Wireless LAN

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19
Q

PAN

A

Personal area network - Bluetooth/NFC connected devices (headphones + headset, etc.)

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20
Q

CAN

A

Campus Area Network

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21
Q

SAN

A

Storage Area Network - a networked pool of storage devices that can be accessed by connected machines as though they were local drives

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22
Q

SDWAN

A

Software-defined Wide Area Network - Cloud-based software controls routing of data, rather than physical devices Instead of a central data center, these things are in the cloud.

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23
Q

MPLS

A

Multiprotocol label switching - routs traffic using labels instead of network addresses. Useful for connecting remote sites to each other through the cloud; can offer QoS; labels are “pushed” on to packets when they enter cloud and “popped” off when they leave.

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24
Q

mGRE

A

Multipoint Generic routing encapsulation. Used to dynamically link remote sites together (connections are established as needed and destroyed when finished).

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25
Q

Demarc

A

Demarcation point - where your equipment ends and the ISP’s begins

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26
Q

Smartjack

A

Can convert between signal types, buffer or regenerate signals, etc.

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27
Q

vSwitch

A

Virtual switch

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28
Q

vNIC

A

Virtual network interface card - NIC of a virtual server (or other machine)

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29
Q

NFV

A

Network function virtualization - replacing physical network devices with virtual versions; managed by a VMM (Hypervisor)

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30
Q

Satellite internet

A

wide coverage area but high latency

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31
Q

DSL

A

Uses old phone lines - tops out at 24 Mbps

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32
Q

Cable internet

A

Fast speed, wide availability

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33
Q

Leased line internet

A

fast dedicated fixed-bandwidth connection (usually fiber)

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34
Q

Metro-optical

A

Metropolitan ethernet connection

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35
Q

Cat 5 UTP

A

Max. distance: 100m
Max Bandwidth: 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps

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36
Q

Cat 5e UTP

A

Max. distance: 100m
Max Bandwidth: 1 Gbps

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37
Q

Cat 6 UTP

A

Max. distance: 55m
Max Bandwidth: 10 Gbps

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38
Q

Cat 6a UTP

A

Max. distance: 100m
Max Bandwidth: 10 Gbps

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39
Q

Cat 7 UTP

A

Max. distance: 100m
Max Bandwidth: 10+ Gbps

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40
Q

Cat 8 UTP

A

Max. distance: 100m
Max Bandwidth: 25 / 40 Gbps

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41
Q

Coaxial RG-6

A

Used for cable internet; has F-type connector; 75 Ohms

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42
Q

Twinaxial

A

2 inner conductors that share an outer conductor

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43
Q

TIA/EIA-568A

A

Green-white
Green
Orange-white
Blue
Blue-white
Orange
Brown-white
Brown

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44
Q

TIA/EIA-568B

A

Orange-white
Orange
Green-white
Blue
Blue-white
Green
Brown-white
Brown

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45
Q

Single-mode fiber

A

Uses lasers; typically yellow sheath

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46
Q

Multimode fiber

A

Uses LEDs; typically orange sheath

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47
Q
A

LC connector

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48
Q
A

ST connector

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49
Q
A

MTRJ connector

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50
Q

APC (fiber connection)

A

Angled physical contact

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51
Q

UPC (fiber connection)

A

Ultra Physical Contact (rounded tip)

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52
Q

RJ-11

A

smaller connector used for phone lines

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53
Q

RJ-45

A

larger connector for UTP/STP

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54
Q

F-Type connector

A

Used for coaxial cable

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55
Q

Media converters

A

used to convert one type of signal to another (fiber to copper, etc)

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56
Q

SFP

A

Small form-factor pluggable

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57
Q

SFP+

A

Enhanced version of SFP, can support up to 10 Gbit

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58
Q

QSFP

A

quad - SFP supports up to 40 Gbit

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59
Q

Patch panel

A

Cables come in from long runs, terminate at the back of patch panel. Patch cables are used to connect from panel to switches.

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60
Q

Fiber distribution panel

A

patch panel for fiber

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61
Q

66 punchdown block

A

used to connect phone lines (older)

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62
Q

110 punchdown block

A

newer punchdown block used for phone lines and network cables (up to cat5e)

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63
Q

Krone punchdown block

A

a type of punchdown block that uses several enhancements

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64
Q

Bix punchdown block

A

type of punchdown block

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65
Q

10BASE-T

A

10 Mbit
Baseband
Twisted pair
100 m max run

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66
Q

100BASE-TX

A

100 Mbit
Baseband
Twisted pair
100 m max run

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67
Q

1000BASE-T

A

1000 Mbit/1Gbit
Baseband
Twisted pair
100 m max run

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68
Q

10GBASE-T

A

10 Gbit
Baseband
Twisted pair
100 m max run

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69
Q

40GBASE-T

A

40 Gbit
Baseband
Twisted pair
100 m max run

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70
Q

100BASE-FX

A

100 Mbit
Baseband
Multimode fiber
2 km max run

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71
Q

100BASE-SX

A

100 Mbit
Baseband
Multimode fiber

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72
Q

1000BASE-SX

A

1000 Mbit/1Gbit
Baseband
Multimode fiber
500 m max run

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73
Q

1000BASE-LX

A

1000 Mbit/1 Gbit
Baseband
Single-mode fiber
5 km max run

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74
Q

10GBASE-SR

A

10 Gbit
Baseband
Multimode fiber
26-400 m max run

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75
Q

10GBASE-LR

A

10 Gbit
Baseband
Single-mode fiber
10 km max run

76
Q

CWDM

A

Coarse wavelength division multiplexing - allows bidirectional communications on a single fiber; supports up to 18 channels

77
Q

DWDM

A

Dense wavelength division multiplexing - allows bidirectional communication on a single fiber ; supports more than 200 channels

78
Q

WDM

A

Bidirectional wavelength division multiplexing - allows bidirectional communication on a single fiber

79
Q

Private IP addresses

A

10.x.x.x
172.16.x.x - 172.31.x.x
192.168.x.x
(RFC 1918)

80
Q

NAT

A

Network Address Translation - a gateway router has a single public IP address and every machine on the internal LAN has a private address

81
Q

PAT

A

Port Address Translation - having more than one internal machine share a public IP address by using different port numbers (same IP address, different port numbers)

82
Q

APIPA Address

A

169.254.x.x

83
Q

EUI-64

A

A method in IPv6 whereby a machine can assign itself an interface ID

84
Q

Multicast

A

224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

85
Q

Unicast

A

A transmission sent to a single address

86
Q

Anycast

A

a single IP address is shared between multiple devices (usually servers)

87
Q

Broadcast

A

IPv4: the highest available host

88
Q

Link local

A

IPv6 address that is used to communicate locally;
FE80::/10

89
Q

Loopback

A

IPv4: 127.0.0.1
IPv6: ::1

90
Q

Default gateway

A

The private address of the gateway router

91
Q

VLSM

A

Variable-length subnet mask: subnetting a subnet

92
Q

Class A IP address

A

0-126 /8

93
Q

Class B IP address

A

128-191 /16

94
Q

Class C IP address

A

192-223 /24

95
Q

Class D IP address

A

224-239 (reserved for multicasting)

96
Q

Class E IP address

A

240-254 (experimental)

97
Q

CIDR notation

A

Classless inter-domain routing

98
Q

IPv6 Tunneling

A

Encapsulating IPv6 traffic in an IPv4 packet in order to help transition to IPv6

99
Q

Dual Stack

A

Running IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time

100
Q

Shorthand notation

A

Eliminate leading zeroes
Can replace a single block of all zeroes with ::

101
Q

Router Advertisement

A

IPv6 routers periodically send out availability and configuration messages

102
Q

SLAAC

A

Stateless address autoconfiguration - IPv6 analogue to DHCP

103
Q

Virtual IP

A

A virtual IP address

104
Q

Subinterfaces

A

Dividing a single physical interface into more than one logical interface

105
Q

FTP

A

TCP 20 - active transfer of data
TCP 21 - control data

106
Q

SSH

A

TCP 22; Secure remote console access

107
Q

SFTP

A

TCP 22; Secuire file transfer (uses SSH, so shares port number)

108
Q

Telnet

A

TCP 23; Unencrypted remote console access

109
Q

SMTP

A

TCP 25; Server-to-server email communication

110
Q

DNS port

A

UDP 53; Converts domain names to IP addresses

111
Q

DHCP ports

A

UDP 67/68

112
Q

TFTP

A

UDP 69; simplified file transfer; no authentication (not generally used in production)

113
Q

HTTP port

A

TCP 80

114
Q

POP3

A

TCP 110; Receive emails from server

115
Q

NTP port

A

UDP 123

116
Q

IMAP

A

TCP 143; management of email inbox from multiple clients

117
Q

SNMP

A

UDP 161; used to gather statistics from network devices
SNMP Traps sent from UDP 162

118
Q

LDAP

A

TCP 389; Lightweight Directory Access Protocol; Stores and retrieves information in a network directory

119
Q

HTTPS port

A

TCP 443

120
Q

SMB

A

TCP 445; Used by Windows for file sharing, printer sharing, etc.

121
Q

Syslog

A

UDP 514; devices send message logs to a central repository (SIEM)

122
Q

SMTP w/ TLS

A

TCP 587

123
Q

LDAPS port

A

TCP 636

124
Q

IMAP over SSL

A

TCP 993

125
Q

POP3 over SSL

A

TCP 995

126
Q

Microsoft SQL server

A

TCP 1433

127
Q

Oracle SQLnet

A

TCP 1521

128
Q

MySQL port

A

TCP 3306

129
Q

RDP

A

TCP 3389; Windows Remote Desktop Protocol

130
Q

SIP

A

TCP 5060/5061; Used to set up/manage VoIP sessions

131
Q

ICMP

A

Internet Control Message Protocol - used to send bits of info; works at IP level, no data (ping for example)

132
Q

TCP

A

Transport Control Protocol - connection-oriented; 3-way handshake, has methods of sequencing packets in case of out of order delivery

133
Q

UDP

A

User Datagram Protocol - low overhead, no connection, unreliable delivery

134
Q

DHCP Process

A

Client sends DHCP Discover (UDP 68 to broadcast)
DHCP server sends DHCP Offer to Client (UDP 68 to broadcast)
Client sends DHCP Request to server (UDP to broadcast)
DHCP server sends DHCP Acknowledgement to broadcast

135
Q

DHCP Scope

A

IP address range (along with excluded addresses)

136
Q

DHCP Exclusion Range

A

The range of addresses that the DHCP server won’t hand out

137
Q

DHCP Reservation

A

Specific addresses that are reserved for specific devices

138
Q

DHCP Dynamic Assignment

A

Addresses are assigned from a pool of addresses. They are reclaimed after a period of time.

139
Q

DHCP Static Assignment

A

Administratively configured addresses (linked to a MAC address)

140
Q

DHCP Lease Time

A

How long a device keeps an IP address

141
Q

DHCP Relay

A

Sends DHCP messages through a router to other networks (DHCP messages are broadcasts)

142
Q

DNS

A

Domain Name System - translates human-readable names to IP addresses.

143
Q

DNS A / AAAA

A

Address reccord - defines the IP address of a host
A - IPv4
AAAA - IPv6

144
Q

DNS CNAME

A

Canonical name: Provides an alias to a server
Example: “mail”, “chat”, “ftp” can all be set to resolve to “www” in the name records

145
Q

DNS MX

A

Mail Exchanger record - contains the name of the mail server - perform additional queries to find IP address

146
Q

DNS SOA

A

Start of Authority - describes the DNS zone details (zone name, serial number, refresh/retry/expiry, caching/TTL)

147
Q

DNS PTR

A

Pointer - Used for reverse lookups

148
Q

DNS TXT

A

Text - human-readable text information (public information)
SPF protocol (sender policy framework)
DKIM (domain keys identified mail)

149
Q

DNS SRV

A

Service records - helps to find a specific service (Windows Domain Controller, Instant Messaging, VoIP, etc.)

150
Q

DNS NS

A

Lists name servers for a domain

151
Q

DNS Global Heirarchy

A

13 Root server clusters
Hundreds of generic TLD (.com, .org, etc.)
Over 275 country code TLD

152
Q

DNS Zone Transfer

A

Replicates a DNS database. Changes made on a primary DNS server will be replicated on redundant servers

153
Q

DNS Authoritative Name Server

A

The authority for the specific domain. Non-authoritative info is usually from cached info, rather than straight from the server itself

154
Q

DNS Reverse Lookup

A

Provide the server with an IP address and it gives you the domain name.

155
Q

DNS Recursive Lookup

A

Sends request to DNS server, DNS server does the work and then reports back (server keeps large cache)

156
Q

DNS Iterative Lookup

A

Local device does all queries (rather than having a name server do it for you)

157
Q

Internal DNS

A

Configured and maintained locally
Contains info on internal devices

158
Q

External DNS

A

Managed by third party (Google, etc.)

159
Q

NTP

A

Used to keep time synchronized between network devices

160
Q

NTP Stratum

A

Describes “distance” from original reference clock
Stratum 0 - Atomic Clock
Stratum 1 - Primary time servers
Stratum 2 - Synced to stratum 1 servers
etc.

161
Q

NTP Clients

A

Requests time updates from NTP server

162
Q

NTP Servers

A

Responds to time requests from NTP clients

163
Q

Core (Network architecture)

A

The “center” of the network, containing Web servers, databases, apps, etc.

164
Q

Distribution / aggregation layer

A

Midpoint between core and users, communication between access switches, manages path to end users

165
Q

Access/Edge layer

A

Users connect to these switches

166
Q

Data plane (SDN)

A

Infrastructure; processing frames/packets, forwarding, trunking, encrypting, NAT, etc.

167
Q

Control plane (SDN)

A

Manages actions of data plane; routing tables, session tables, NAT tables, dynamic routing protocols

168
Q

Management plane (SDN)

A

Configure/manage the devices

169
Q

Spine-and-Leaf

A

Servers connect to leaf switches, which connect to all spine switches. Leafs do not connect to each other. (Top-of-rack switching)

170
Q

North-South Traffic

A

In/out to an outside device. Slower, must have tighter security.

171
Q

East-West Traffic

A

Traffic between devices in the same data center

172
Q

FCoE (SAN)

A

Fibre Channel over Ethernet. No specialized hardware required.
Not routable, runs within a single broadcast domain.

173
Q

Fibre Channel (SAN)

A

Specialized high-speed topology to connect servers to storage. Requires a specialized Fibre Channel switch.
Can be used with fiber OR UTP

174
Q

iSCSI (SAN)

A

SCSI commands over an IP network. Makes a remote disk look and operate like a local disk.

175
Q

Public Cloud

A

Available to everyone on the Internet.

176
Q

Private Cloud

A

Your own virtual datacenter

177
Q

Hybrid Cloud

A

A combination of public and private clouds

178
Q

Community Cloud

A

Several organizations share same goal/requirements (example: a provider that advertises specifically to healthcare)

179
Q

SaaS

A

On-demand software; no local installation. GDrive, email, etc. Provider is responsible for security.

180
Q

IaaS

A

Hardware as a service; outsourcing equipment. You’re still responsible for the management and security. Ex. Web server providers.

181
Q

PaaS

A

Middle ground between IaaS and SaaS. Someone else manages the platform. You supply the code. Provider can supply building blocks.

182
Q

DaaS

A

Virtual desktops - applications run on a remote server. Local device is a keyboard, mouse, and screen.

183
Q

Infrastructure as Code

A

All hardware can be virtualized and updated in code.

184
Q

Multitenancy

A

Many different clients are using the same cloud infrastructure. This brings costs down.

185
Q

Elasticity

A

Scale up or down as needed

186
Q

Scalability (Cloud)

A

Network+ (5 decks)

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