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Network+ Prof Messer > Networking Devices > Flashcards

Networking Devices Flashcards

1
Q

Hub

A 
• “Multi-port repeater”
• Traffic going in one port is repeated
to every other port
• OSI Layer 1
• Everything is half-duplex
• Becomes less efficient as network speeds increase
• 10 megabit / 100 megabit
• Difficult to find today
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2
Q

Bridge

A

• Imagine a switch with two to four ports
• Makes forwarding decisions in software
• Connects different physical networks
• Can connect different topologies
• Gets around physical network
size limitations / collisions
• OSI Layer 2 device
• Distributes traffic based on MAC address
• Most bridges these days are wireless access points
• Bridges wired Ethernet to wireless

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3
Q

Switch

A
  • Bridging done in hardware
  • Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
  • An OSI layer 2 device
  • Forwards traffic based on data link address
  • Many ports and features
  • The core of an enterprise network
  • May provide Power over Ethernet (PoE)
  • Multilayer switch
  • Includes Layer 3 (routing) functionality
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4
Q

Router

A 
• Routes traffic between IP subnets
• OSI layer 3 device
• Routers inside of switches sometimes
called “layer 3 switches”
• Layer 2 = Switch
• Layer 3 = Router
• Often connects diverse network types
• LAN, WAN, copper, fiber
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5
Q

Firewall

A
  • Filters traffic by port number
  • OSI layer 4 (TCP/UDP)
  • Some firewalls can filter through OSI layer 7
  • Can encrypt traffic into/out of the network
  • Protect your traffic between sites
  • Can proxy traffic
  • A common security technique
  • Most firewalls can be layer 3 devices (routers)
  • Usually sits on the ingress/egress of the network
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6
Q

Wireless access point (WAP)

A 
• Not a wireless router
• A wireless router is a router and
a WAP in a single device
• WAP is a bridge
• Extends the wired network
onto the wireless network
• WAP is an OSI layer 2 device
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7
Q

Converting media

A
  • OSI Layer 1
  • Physical layer signal conversion
  • Extend a copper wire over a long distance
  • Convert it to fiber, and back again
  • You have fiber
  • The switch only has copper ports
  • Almost always powered
  • Especially fiber to copper
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8
Q

Wireless range extender

A 
• Wireless never seems to stretch far enough
• We can’t always choose where
to install an access point
• Extend the reach of a wireless network
• A wireless repeater
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9
Q

VoIP endpoint

A

• Some people still communicate using voice
• We now send this using VoIP
• The device can now be anything
• Traditional phone handset, desktop application,
mobile device app

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10
Q

Multilayer switches

A

• A switch (Layer 2) and router (Layer 3) in the same
physical device
• Layer 2 router?
• Switching still operates at OSI Layer 2, routing still
operates at OSI Layer 3
• There’s nothing new or special happening here

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11
Q

Wireless networks everywhere

A
  • Wireless networking is pervasive
  • And you probably don’t just have a single access point
  • Your access points may not even be in the same building
  • One (or more) at every remote site
  • Configurations may change at any moment
  • Access policy, security policies, AP configs
  • The network should be invisible to your users
  • Seamless network access, regardless of role
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12
Q

Wireless LAN controllers

A
  • Centralized management of WAPs
  • A single “pane of glass”
  • Deploy new access points
  • Performance and security monitoring
  • Configure and deploy changes to all sites
  • Report on access point use
  • Usually a proprietary system
  • Wireless controller is paired with the access points
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13
Q

Balancing the load

A
  • Distribute the load
  • Multiple servers
  • Invisible to the end-user
  • Large-scale implementations
  • Web server farms, database farms
  • Fault tolerance
  • Server outages have no effect
  • Very fast convergence
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14
Q

Load balancer

A
  • Configurable load
  • Manage across servers
  • TCP offload
  • Protocol overhead
  • SSL offload
  • Encryption/Decryption
  • Caching
  • Fast response
  • Prioritization
  • QoS
  • Content switching
  • Application-centric balancing
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15
Q

IDS and IPS

A

• Intrusion Detection System / Intrusion Prevention
System
• Watch network traffic
• Intrusions
• Exploits against operating systems, applications, etc.
• Buffer overflows, cross-site scripting, other
vulnerabilities
• Detection vs. Prevention
• Detection – Alarm or alert
• Prevention – Stop it before it gets into the network

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16
Q

Identification technologies

A
  • Signature-based
  • Look for a perfect match
  • Anomaly-based
  • Build a baseline of what’s “normal”
  • Behavior-based
  • Observe and report
  • Heuristics
  • Use artificial intelligence to identify
17
Q

Proxies

A

• Sits between the users and the external network
• Receives the user requests and sends the request
on their behalf (the proxy)
• Useful for caching information, access control,
URL filtering, content scanning
• Applications may need to know how to
use the proxy (explicit)
• Some proxies are invisible (transparent)
Application proxies
• Most proxies in use are application proxies
• The proxy understands the way the application works
• A proxy may only know one application, i.e., HTTP
• Many proxies are multipurpose proxies
• HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, etc.

18
Q

VPN concentrator

A
  • Virtual Private Network
  • Encrypted (private) data traversing a public network
  • Concentrator
  • Encryption/decryption access device
  • Often integrated into a firewall
  • Many deployment options
  • Specialized cryptographic hardware
  • Software-based options available
  • Used with client software
  • Sometimes built into the OS
19
Q

Remote access VPN

A
  • On-demand access from a remote device
  • Software connects to a VPN concentrator
  • Some software can be configured as always-on
20
Q

AAA framework

A

• Identification - This is who you claim to be
• Usually your username
• Authentication - Prove you are who you say you are
• Password and other authentication factors
• Authorization
• Based on your identification and authentication,
what access do you have?
• Accounting
• Resources used: Login time, data sent and received,
logout time

21
Q

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service)

A 
• One of the more common AAA protocols
• Supported on a wide variety of platforms and devices
• Centralize authentication for users
• Routers, switches, firewalls
• Server authentication
• Remote VPN access
• 802.1X network access
• RADIUS services available on almost any
server operating system
22
Q

UTM / All-in-one security appliance

A 
• Unified Threat Management (UTM) /
Web security gateway
• URL filter / Content inspection
• Malware inspection
• Spam filter
• CSU/DSU
• Router, Switch
• Firewall
• IDS/IPS
• Bandwidth shaper
• VPN endpoint
23
Q

Next-generation Firewalls (NGFW)

A 
• The OSI Application Layer
• Layer 7 firewall
• Can be called different names
• Application layer gateway
• Stateful multilayer inspection
• Deep packet inspection
• Requires some advanced decodes
• Every packet must be analyzed, categorized,
and a security decision determined
24
Q

VoIP technologies

A 
• PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
• The “phone switch”
• Connects to phone provider network
• Analog telephone lines to each desk
• VoIP PBX
• Integrate VoIP devices with a corporate phone switch
• VoIP Gateway
• Convert between VoIP protocols and
traditional PSTN protocols
• Often built-in to the VoIP PBX
25
Q

Content filtering

A
  • Control traffic based on data within the content
  • Data in the packets
  • Corporate control of outbound and inbound data
  • Sensitive materials
  • Control of inappropriate content
  • Not safe for work
  • Parental controls
  • Protection against evil
  • Anti-virus, anti-malware

Network+ Prof Messer (3 decks)

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