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IT Support - terminology > Networking > Flashcards

Networking Flashcards

1
Q

Internet vs. Web

A

Internet is the physical system of computers and cables that connect them

Web is the information stored on the internet

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2
Q

Server vs. Client

A

Client requests content; the server provides it

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3
Q

ISP

Internet Service Provider

A

Company that runs a large network connected to other networks; connects individual users to the internet

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4
Q

IP address

A

A computer’s location on the internet; it changes when you connect through different networks

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5
Q

Ethernet cable

A

Physically connects computer to a network

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6
Q

Router

A

Networking hardware; connects multiple devices and routes network traffic

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7
Q

IP vs TCP

Internet protocol; transmission control protocol

A

Network protocols; they work together to get data to the right place

TCP delivers data from one network to another; IP gets it to the right computer

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8
Q

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language

A

Coding language used by web browsers

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9
Q

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

A

Web address in “human language”

Ex: www.google.com

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10
Q

Domain name

A

Middle and end of a website’s URL

Ex: google.com

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11
Q

ICANN

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

A

Registers domain names for web pages

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12
Q

DNS

Domain Name System

A

Server software that takes the domain name a user enters, and finds the correct IP address for that web page

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13
Q

NAT

Network address translation

A

Allows a company to have one public IP address, and use unroutable addresses for other devices in their network

Helps solve the problem of limited IP addresses

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14
Q

Internet of Things

A

Refers to household items connected to the internet such as thermostats and refrigerators

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15
Q

Coding vs. Scripting vs. Programming

A

Coding is the umbrella term; script languages usually handle very simple tasks, and programming languages are good for more complex tasks

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16
Q

Open source software

A

Free for others to use, modify, and distribute

Ex: Linux, Firefox

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17
Q

Application vs. system software

A

Apps are created to fill a specific need (ex: text editor); system software keeps the core system running

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18
Q

Firmware

A

Software that’s permanently stored on a computer component (ex: BIOS)

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19
Q

TCP/IP 5 layer model

A 
Layers include:
- Physical
- Data link
- Network
- Transport
- Application
(See p. 1 in Course 2 notes for details)
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20
Q

5 layer model - physical layer

A

Sets protocols for cables and other physical devices, to describe how signals are sent through these connections

Protocols: 10 Base T, 802.11

Data unit: bits

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21
Q

5 layer model - data link layer

A

Defines how to interpret signals sent through physical layer, so different devices can communicate

Protocol: Ethernet, Wi-fi

Data unit: frames

Addresses: MAC address

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22
Q

5 layer model - network layer

A

Allows different networks to communicate with each other through routers

Protocol: IP

Data unit: datagram

Addresses: IP address

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23
Q

5 layer model - transport layer

A

Sorts out which client and server programs should get which data

Protocols: TCP, UDP

Data unit: segment

Addresses: port #

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24
Q

5 layer model - application layer

A

The programs that receive data and decide what to do with it

Protocols: lots - depends on the app!

Data unit: message

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25
Q

TCP vs. UDP

Transmission control protocol vs. User datagram protocol

A

The two main protocols used at the transport layer

TCP provides mechanisms for reliable data delivery; UDP does not but can get things done with less traffic

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26
Q

OSI model

Open Systems Interconnection model

A

Similar to TCP/IP 5-layer model, but divides application layer into 3 layers - session, presentation, and application layers

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27
Q

Copper vs. fiber cables

A

Copper cables are most common, most durable, and much less expensive; fiber cables are faster and can transmit longer distances without data loss

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28
Q

Cat5 vs. Cat5e vs. Cat6

A

Types of copper cables; Cat5 is oldest and has the most problems with cross-talk

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29
Q

Cross-talk

A

When adjacent cables interfere with each other’s data transmission; mostly a problem in older Cat5 cables

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30
Q

Hub

A

Device that connects computers on a LAN (local area network); it’s a simple connection point that leaves the network very prone to collision domains

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31
Q

Switch

A

Network device that connects computers on a LAN (local area network) and sends data to the correct recipients

Improvement over the older hubs in that a switch reduces or even eliminates collision domains

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32
Q

Collision domain

A

Part of a network where only one device can communicate at once; increases network errors and reduces network speed

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33
Q

Router

A

Network device that can send data between different networks

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34
Q

Core router

A

ISP’s sophisticated router that routes traffic to other ISPs

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35
Q

Gateway router

A

Router that serves as entry and exit for a network

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36
Q

Border Gateway Protocol

BGP

A

Protocol used by routers to share data with other routers and learn the most efficient paths to forward traffic

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37
Q

Simplex vs. duplex communication

A

Simplex = data only goes one way (ex: baby monitor)

Full duplex = data can travel both directions at the same time (Cat6 cable; has 4 pairs and certain pairs are reserved for certain directions)

Half duplex = data can go both ways, but only one direction at a time (sometimes happens if there’s a problem with a connection)

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38
Q

RJ45 port

A

Common “registered jack” port on the back of your computer

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39
Q

Patch panel

A

Network device that includes many ports; it’s really just a place to connect cables

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40
Q

Ethernet protocol

A

Protocol for the data link layer; allows different kinds of devices to communicate

41
Q

MAC address

A

Unique identifier assigned to a device when it’s manufactured

48-bit number (6 groups of 2 hexadecimal digits each)

42
Q

Organizationally Unique Identifier

OUI

A

First 3 octets of a MAC address that are assigned to a particular hardware manufacturer

(The manufacturer can make up the last 3 octets)

43
Q

Broadcast

A

Transmission meant for all devices on your local network

MAC address of recipient is always FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

44
Q

Ethernet frame

A

A data packet at the data link level

45
Q

Checksum

A

A field in many data transmissions that allows the receiving device to confirm that it got the whole message

Also called “cyclical redundancy checks”

46
Q

IPv4

A

Uses 32-bit IP address

Ex: 172.16.254.1

47
Q

Static vs. dynamic IP addresses

A

Dynamic IP - assigned through DHCP; common for clients

Static IP - best for servers and network devices

48
Q

IP datagram

A

Data packet at the network level

49
Q

TTL

Time to live

A

One of many fields in an IP datagram header; tells how many router hops the datagram can travel before it’s discarded

50
Q

IP address classes (A,B,C,D,E)

A

A: First octet is network ID and last 3 octets are host ID (there are only a small number of these, but they’re good for really large networks)

B: 2 octets for network ID and 2 for host ID

C: 3 octets for network ID and 1 for host ID (this class has lots of small networks)

D: used for multicasting (first octet is 224-239)

E: unassigned; used for testing (first octet is 240-255)

51
Q

CIDR

Classless interdomain routing

A

Replaces the older IP address classes (A through E); in CIDR, the address can be broken up into network ID and host ID at any point

52
Q

ARP table

Address resolution protocol

A

List of IP addresses in a local network, and the MAC addresses connected with them

53
Q

Subnetting

A

Taking a large network and splitting it up into smaller ones; each subnet will have its own gateway router

54
Q

Routing table

A

Each router stores IP address for each network it knows, along with total hops to get there and a few other details

55
Q

Interior gateway protocols

Distance-vector protocols vs. link state routing protocols

A

Ways for routers in a large network to share info with each other

Distance vector is the older version; link state routing is newer and faster, but takes more memory and processing power

56
Q

Exterior gateway protocols

A

Used by routers to share info between different networks

57
Q

Non-routable address space

A

Defined by RFC 1918; helps solve the problem of limited IP addresses because many networks can be using the same non-routable address

58
Q

Multiplexing / demultiplexing

A

Gathering data from multiple sources and sending it as a whole / taking data delivered to the same node and delivering it to the correct recipients

In the 5-layer model, only the transport layer can do this

59
Q

Port

A

16-bit number (0-65,535) used to direct traffic to specific services running on a computer

60
Q

Port 0

A

Not used for network traffic, but sometimes for traffic between different services on the same computer

61
Q

Ports 1-1,023

A

System or well-known ports; used for common network services

62
Q

Ports 1,024-49,151

A

Registered ports; used for network services that aren’t the most common ones

63
Q

Ports 49,152-65,535

A

Private or ephemeral ports; temporary and used for establishing outbound connections

64
Q

TCP control flags

A

Optional part of a TCP header

Flags include ACK (acknowledged) and SYN (synchronize) used in establishing a TCP connection, and FIN (finish) used to close the connection

65
Q

3-way handshake

A

Nickname for the TCP communication that opens a network connection between 2 computers

Computer A: SYN
Computer B: SYN/ACK
Computer A: ACK

66
Q

4-way handshake

A

Nickname for the TCP communication that closes a network connection between 2 computers

Computer A: FIN
Computer B: ACK
Computer B: FIN
Computer A: ACK

67
Q

Socket states

A

Refers to TCP communication; you can send a data request to any port you want, but you’ll only get a response if a program has opened a socket on that port

States can include LISTEN, SYN_SENT, SYN_RECEIVED, ESTABLISHED, FIN_WAIT, CLOSE_WAIT, and CLOSED

(details in Course 2 notes p 14)

68
Q

Firewall

A

Network device or program that blocks traffic that meets certain criteria

(Ex: If a server hosts a company’s web page and internal file storage, the firewall would be set to allow public access to Port 80, but to block all external IP addresses from the file server port)

69
Q

Microsoft IIS, Apache, nginx

A

Examples of popular web servers

70
Q

HTTP

Hypertext transfer protocol

A

Protocol used by web servers and web browsers

71
Q

DNS

Domain Name System

A

Global network service that converts a domain name (ex: www.google.com) into the correct IP address

72
Q

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

A

Application layer protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses when devices connect to a network

73
Q

NAT

Network Address Translation

A

Technology that allows a gateway (usually a router or firewall) to use it’s own IP address for outgoing traffic, and send replies back to the correct hosts

74
Q

VPN

Virtual Private Network

A

Creates a private “tunnel” through the internet, so that a remote device can connect to a local network

Requires a router and VPN server in the network that’s allowing access

Ex: I might use VPN technology to connect my laptop to my work network when I’m working from home

75
Q

Proxy server

A

Server that acts on behalf of a client to access another server

Includes gateway routers, web proxy (used to limit employee access to non-business sites), reverse proxy (distributes heavy web traffic to multiple web servers)

76
Q

Dial-up internet

A

Also called PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) or POTS (Plain Old Telephone Network)

Uses a modem to convert digital data to analog, and back

77
Q

Modem (Modulator/Demodulator)

A

Used in dial-up internet connections; converts digital data to analog (which can be transferred via phone lines) and back to digital

78
Q

Baud rate

A

Measurement of dial-up internet connection speed; how many bits can be passed across a phone line in a second

79
Q

Broadband

A

Any connection that isn’t dial-up; connection is always on

Includes T-carriers, DSL, cable broadband, and fiber connections

80
Q

T-carrier internet connection

A

Uses dedicated cables, originally for phone calls but evolved to transmit broadband data

Reliable but expensive

T3 includes 28 T1 lines for one connection, with total speed of 44.7 mbps

81
Q

DSL (digital subscriber lines)

A

Uses same cables as phone/T-carrier connections, but uses frequencies that transmit data faster and don’t interfere with phone calls

82
Q

DSLAM (digital subscriber line access multiplexer)

A

The “modem” for a DSL connection; establishes a connection and keeps it running as long as the DSLAM is turned on

83
Q

ADSL (asymmetric DSL) vs SDSL (symmetric DSL)

A

ADSL has different speeds for outbound and inbound data; good for home use, where you usually don’t need to do much uploading

SDSL uses the same high speed for upload and download; good for business and becoming more popular for home use

Usually max speed of 1.544 mbps (same as T1 line)

84
Q

HDSL (high bit-rate DSL)

A

DSL connection that provides speeds over 1.655 mbps

85
Q

Cable broadband

A

Uses TV cables, but on a different frequency

Bandwidth is shared within a network, so it might slow down during periods of heavy use

86
Q

Cable modem

A

Modem for a cable broadband connection; one modem connects a consumer network with an ISP (instead of each customer having a modem, such as in point-to-point technologies)

87
Q

Fiber internet connections

A

Used for the core of the internet, such as between ISPs

Fiber uses light for signals; can transmit data faster and for longer distances without degradation

88
Q

FTTX

Fiber to the X

A

Can include FTTN (fiber to the neighborhood), FTTB (to the building or business), FTTH (to the home) or FTTP (to the premises)

89
Q

WAN

Wide Area Network

A

Combines networks at multiple physical locations into one network

Usually requires that you contract a link across the internet with your ISP; fast but expensive, so good for large companies with lots of data transfer between sites

90
Q

WAN (wide area network) vs. point-to-point VPN (virtual private network)

A

WAN is very fast but expensive; good for large companies with lots of data transfer between different office locations

Point-to-point VPN uses cloud services to host your data, so there’s no need for an expensive high-speed line connecting your offices; each host connects to its gateway router as usual

91
Q

IEEE 802.11

A

Set of standards that define how WiFi devices should communicate (specifically at physical and data link layers)

92
Q

802.11b (or 802.11a, 802.11g, n, ac, …)

A

Each is a standard in the 802.11 “family”

They use the same protocols but operate on different frequencies (different at physical layer and same at data link layer)

93
Q

2.4 Ghz vs. 5 Ghz WiFi bands

A

5 Ghz (Gigahertz) networks are usually faster and less susceptible to interference, but have less range

94
Q

Wireless access point

A

Device that bridges the wireless and wired parts of a network

95
Q

Wireless networks - ad-hoc vs. wireless LAN

A

WLANs are most common; access points form bridge between wired and wireless parts of the network

In ad-hoc network, nodes all speak directly to each other (ex: smartphones connecting to nearby phones for photo exchange)

Mesh network is a hybrid of the two - includes wired and wireless devices, and various devices communicate directly with each other

96
Q

Wireless frequency band vs. channel

A

Frequency band is a range of frequencies set aside for a particular type of communication

Channels are smaller sections of a frequency band; a wireless network uses multiple channels to avoid collision domains (each wireless access point selects a channel with the least possible overlap with its neighbors, or you can manually set a channel)

97
Q

WEP vs. WPA

Wired equivalent privacy vs. WiFi protected access

A

WEP is an old encryption technology for wireless networks, which really no one should be using anymore

WPA replaced it and uses 128-bit encryption key; today we’re mostly using WPA2 with 256-bit key

98
Q

MAC filtering

A

A way of securing a wireless network, by only allowing connections from MAC addresses that you trust

Doesn’t protect your data as it’s being transmitted wirelessly, but stops unauthorized devices from connecting to the network itself

99
Q

Cellular networking (or mobile networking

A

Not WiFi, but works in a similar way, with its own set of specs similar to the 802.11 family

Each cell tower serves as an access point, and uses a frequency that minimizes overlap with its neighbors

Cellular frequency bands are good for long-distance transmission (miles rather than meters)

IT Support - terminology (4 decks)

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