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h2 computing > Networking > Flashcards

Networking Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the HTTP protocol used?

A

Worldwide Web

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2
Q

What is the SMTP protocol used for?

A

Sending/receiving emails

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3
Q

What is the FTP protocol used for?

A

File transfers over a network

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4
Q

What is the SMB protocol used for?

A

Shared folder access over a network

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5
Q

What are port numbers used for?

A

Since applications do not have direct access to network hardware, the OS will help service the network requests.

The OS assigns each request from an application with a random (source) port number, so that the response can be passed back to the correct application.

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6
Q

What does 127.0.0.1 refer to?

A

loopback network interface/localhost

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7
Q

What is packet forwarding?

A

It is the process by which data is sent from computer to computer until it reaches its destination. (internet layer)

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8
Q

What is the name of the packet forwarding model used by the TCP and UDP protocols?

A

Unicasting, whereby data is forwarded from server to server, until it reaches its destination. (transport layer)

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9
Q

How does unicast packet forwarding work?

A

(internet)
Each computer on the network is connected to a gateway.
When an application needs to send data to a destination (IP address), the computer checks all other computers connected to it to see if the destination is listed there.
If not, the data is forwarded to the computer’s gateway.
At the gateway, the process is repeated.
If the destination is not in the list of computers in the gateway, the data is forwarded to the next gateway and checked again until the destination is found and the packet is sent to the destination.

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10
Q

What are the steps involved in DNS lookup?

A

(application)
1. DNS client checks its DNS cache for DNS entries containing the domain name. If one is found, the corresponding IP address is used. Otherwise …
2. DNS client sends a DNS lookup request to a (recursive) DNS resolver.
3. DNS resolver checks its own DNS records for the domain name. If DNS record is found, DNS server returns response with the requested IP address. Otherwise, it sends the request to a DNS root server.
3. The root server sends the address of the authoritative (TLD) DNS server request to the resolver.
4. The resolver queries the authoritative DNS server for the IP address.
5. The resolver sends the IP address back to the client.

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11
Q

What is the DNS cache?

A

It is a location where the computer stores the IP addresses returned for the domains. This is done so that next time a DNS lookup is requested, the computer checks in the DNS cache first, to minimize requests to the DNS server.

The DNS cache may need to be flushed if it gets outdated.

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12
Q

What do top level domains (TLDs) refer to?

A

Suffixes such as .gov, .edu and .com.

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13
Q

What is a protocol?

A

It is a set of rules for communication agreed upon by both the sender and receive to define how data is transmitted
- this is to ensure data is correctly transmitted as communication over a network is often unreliable and maybe intercepted and dropped

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14
Q

What is a protocol suite?

A

It is a collection of related protocols that are designed to work together.

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15
Q

What is the IP protocol? What is its purpose?

A

It forms the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model. Its purpose is to identify computers on the Internet.
- this include information that ensure the data packet is sent to the correct destination
This allows packet routing to be used for the Internet.

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16
Q

What is client-server architecture?

A

A client is a device or program that sends a request to a server.
The server returns a response to the client.

17
Q

What is a request?

A

A request is data sent by a client to a server.

18
Q

What is a response?

A

The server sends a response (containing data) to the client when a client sends a request to the server.

19
Q

What are the 4 layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack?

A
  1. Application Layer
  2. Transport Layer
  3. Internet Layer
  4. Network Layer
20
Q

What is a circuit-switched network?

A

In a circuit-switched network:
1. A dedicated communication path is established between source and destination.
2. Each part of the data transmission stream follows the same route to its destination
3. The returning data stream follows the same route back to the source

21
Q

What is a packet-switched network?

A

In a packet-switched network:
1. There is no dedicated transmission capacity along a path: each packet may go by a different route to its destination
2. The data to be sent is broken up into packets
3. Each packet may go by a different route to its destination
4. packet headers determines the destination and method of transmission

22
Q

advantages of circuit switched network

A
  1. the path of transmission has a guaranteed bandwidth
    -2. since information is sent in a continuous stream, the intermediate nodes do not need to store and retransmit information = LOWER OVERHEAD
23
Q

disadvantages of circuit switched network

A
  1. both sender and receiver need to be ready for the transmission to happen
  2. if transmission route is disrupted, the WHOLE transmission is interrupted
  3. unused segments cannot be used to divert data transmission = LOW UTLISATION
24
Q

disadvantages of packet-switched network

A
  1. packets may arrive in different sequence, hence sequence information must be sent with the packet header
  2. packet data must be stored and retransmitted at each node, making it more prone to data corruption - additional bits for error detection and correction must be sent
    - BOTH WILL RESULT IN GREATER OVERHEAD INCURRED
  3. intermediate nodes need to store and retransmit data (greater overhead incurred)
25
Q

LAN (local area network)

A

LAN comprises of device connected within a small geographical area typically within a room or building
- These devices are commonly connected to a central getaway device like a router that directs traffic between device on the network

26
Q

WAN (wide area network)

A

WAN comprises of a network of computing device covering a large-scale geographical area typically across multiple geographical location
- multiple LANs

27
Q

wired network vs wireless

A
  • wired is a network of device connected by a physical medium cables
  • wireless is network of devices in which signals are transmitted in forms of electromagnetic waves (users must be within range of network coverage)
28
Q

peer - to- peer model

A
  1. all computers may initiate communication by sending a request or responding to request
  2. no central server with all info
29
Q

purpose of application layer

A

providing an interface between the user and the network to facilitate communication between applications running on different systems

30
Q

purpose of transport layer

A
  1. identifies the source and destination port /program/process of the data packet
  2. concerned with the different modes of transmission, ensuring that data is sent accurately and in the correct order (through error detection, retransmission, and flow control)
31
Q

purpose of link layer

A
  1. network devices send data to each other through electric signals (wired or wireless)
  2. this link converts the binary sequence of the message into signals and transmits them over local media
32
Q

advantages of IPv6 over IPv4

A

IPv4 only has 4 groups of 8-bit integers (4 billion address available), hance as the internet gets more extensive IPv6 is needed to generate more unique IP addresses (8 groups of 16 bits)

33
Q

dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) - assigning of IP address (application layer)

A
  1. network management tool that is used by routers to assign IP addresses, from its scope of addresses to connected devices
    - dynamic (lease for a period of time)
    - static (device is always bound by same IP)
34
Q

purpose of DNS protocol

A

to map domain names to their respective IP addresses so allow web browsers/ clients to access servers using domain names instead of IP addresses

35
Q

what is a socket

A

a socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication line between two programs running on a network
- a socket is bound to a port number (so that TCP- transport layer can identify)

36
Q

how does a router send data to the correct computer

A

a router is connected to many computers and a gateway that is typically connects the router to a larger network (WAN)
the router uses a routing table to determine the best path for a packet to take to its destination, forwarding the packet from router to router or computers until it reaches its destination

h2 computing (16 decks)

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